Table 3 Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for smoking intentions by tobacco promoting/restraining factors among Ghanaian youth (multivariate model), statistically significant odds ratios in bold
From: The role of tobacco promoting and restraining factors in smoking intentions among Ghanaian youth
Factors | Smoking intentions* | Â | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Â | All participants | Never smokers | Â |
| Â | Model 2 OR (95% CI) | Model 2 OR (95% CI) | R-squared** |
Environmental and familial tobacco promoting /restraining factors | |||
Smoking allowed on school compound | Â | Â | 0.07 |
No (N = 1165) | 1.0 | 1.0 | Â |
Yes (N = 50) | 3.5 (1.6-7.8) | 4.7 (1.8-11.8) | Â |
Don’t know (N = 48) | 1.0 (0.4-2.4) | 1.2 (0.4-3.0) |  |
Total (N = 1263) | Â | Â | Â |
Taught harmful effects of smoking in school | *** | *** | Â |
Refused cigarette sale due to age | *** | *** | Â |
Exposure to advertisement | Â | Â | 0.06 |
No (N = 637) | 1.0 | 1.0 | Â |
Yes (N = 701) | 1.4 (1.0-1.9) | 1.4 (1.0-2.0) | Â |
Total (N = 1338) | Â | Â | Â |
Parental smoking | Â | Â | 0.06 |
None (N = 1063) | 1.0 | 1.0 | Â |
Can’t say (N = 21) | 2.4 (0.9-6.4) | 4.7 (1.3-16.9) |  |
One or both parents smoke (N = 36) | 3.1 (1.5-6.7) | 2.4 (1.1-5.7) | Â |
Total (N = 1120) | Â | Â | Â |
Family member discussed harmful effects of smoking | *** | *** | Â |
Knowledge/attitude | Â | Â | Â |
Perceive smoking as harmful to health | Â | Â | 0.06 |
Agree (N = 1127) | 1.0 | 1.0 | Â |
Disagree/not sure (N = 178) | 2.5 (1.5-3.9) | 2.2 (1.3-3.7) | Â |
Total (N = 1305) | Â | Â | Â |
It is difficult to quit smoking, once started | Â | Â | 0.06 |
Agree (N = 971) | 1.0 | 1.0 | Â |
Disagree/not sure (N = 337) | 1.2 (0.7-1.6) | 1.1 (0.7-1.7) | Â |
Total (N = 1308) | Â | Â | Â |
Tobacco should not be sold to those under 18 yrs of age |  |  | 0.06 |
Agree (N = 1087) | 1.0 | 1.0 | Â |
Disagree/not sure (N = 213) | 1.2 (0.8-1.9) | 1.3 (0.8-2.1) | Â |
Total (N = 1300) | Â | Â | Â |