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Table 2 Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for smoking intentions by tobacco promoting/restraining factors among Ghanaian youth (bivariate model), statistically significant odds ratios in bold

From: The role of tobacco promoting and restraining factors in smoking intentions among Ghanaian youth

Factors

Smoking intentions*

 
 

All participants

Never smokers

 
 

Model 1 OR (95% CI)

Model 1 OR (95% CI)

R-squared**

Age

  

0.002

12-14-year-olds

1.0

1.0

 

15-16-year-olds

0.9 (0.6-1.3)

0.9 (0.6-1.3)

 

17-18-year-olds

0.8 (0.6-1.2)

0.8 (0.5-1.2)

 

19-20-year-olds

1.0 (0.6-1.7)

1.2 (0.7-2.0)

 

Gender

  

0.000

Boys

1.0

1.0

 

Girls

1.0 (0.8-1.3)

1.0 (0.8-1.4)

 

Environmental and familial tobacco promoting /restraining factors

Smoking allowed on school compound

  

0.09

No (N = 1165)

1.0

1.0

 

Yes (N = 50)

3.2 (1.7-5.8)

3.0 (1.5-6.2)

 

Don’t know (N = 48)

1.9 (1.1-3.8)

2.0 (0.9-4.2)

 

Total (N = 1263)

   

Taught harmful effects of smoking in school

   

Yes (N = 891)

1.0

1.0

 

No/Not sure (N = 372)

1.2 (0.8-1.5)

1.0 (0.9-1.1)

 

Total (N = 1263)

   

Refused cigarette sale due to age

   

No (N = 71)

1.0

1.0

 

Yes (N = 93)

1.5 (0.8-2.9)

0.7 (0.3-1.8)

 

Total (N = 164)

   

Exposure to advertisement

  

0.08

No (N = 637)

1.0

1.0

 

Yes (N = 701)

1.6 (1.2-2.1)

1.5 (1.1-2.1)

 

Total (N = 1338)

   

Parental smoking

  

0.08

None (N = 1063)

1.0

1.0

 

Can’t say (N = 21)

3.1 (1.2-8.0)

4.3 (1.2-15.2)

 

One or both parents smoke (N = 36)

3.7 (1.8-7.6)

3.0 (1.4-6.6)

 

Total (N = 1120)

   

Family member discussed harmful effects of smoking

   

Yes (N = 918)

1.0

1.0

 

No (N = 355)

1.1 (0.8-1.5)

1.1 (0.8-1.6)

 

Total (N = 1273)

   

Knowledge/attitude

   

Perceive smoking as harmful to health

  

0.08

Agree (N = 1127)

1.0

1.0

 

Disagree/not sure (N = 178)

3.4 (2.4-4.8)

2.9 (1.9-4.3)

 

Total (N = 1305)

   

It is difficult to quit smoking, once started

  

0.08

Agree (N = 971)

1.0

10

 

Disagree/not sure (N = 337)

1.7 (1.2-2.2)

1.5 (1.1-2.1)

 

Total (N = 1308)

   

Tobacco should not be sold to those under 18 yrs of age

  

0.08

Agree (N = 1087)

1.0

1.0

 

Disagree/not sure (N = 213)

2.5 (1.8-3.5)

2.1 (1.5-3.1)

 

Total (N = 1300)

   
  1. *Smoking intentions in the next one year.
  2. ** Nagelkerke R-squared.
  3. Model 1 = Factor + age + gender (bivariate model).