Variable | β* ± SE | 25(OH)D** | P | Model |
---|---|---|---|---|
 | (95% CI) |  | r2 | |
91-Day UV-B (kJ /m2) | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.6 (0.2, 0.9) | 0.0002 | 0.03 |
Sex | Â | Â | Â | 0.01 |
 Female | (Reference) | 67.1 (65.0, 69.1) |  |  |
 Male | −0.30 ± 0.07 | 62.3 (60.1, 64.4) | < 0.0001 |  |
Age | Â | Â | Â | 0.01 |
 12-19 years | 0.14 ± 0.10 | 65.4 (62.3, 68.5) | 0.16 |  |
 20-59 years | (Reference) | 63.2 (60.6, 65.9) |  |  |
 60-79 years | 0.41 ± 0.10 | 69.8 (66.7, 73.1) | < 0.0001 |  |
Ethnicity | Â | Â | Â | 0.09 |
 White | (Reference) | 68.4 (64.3, 72.8) |  |  |
 Non-White | −1.27 ± 0.13 | 49.0 (46.0, 52.1) | < 0.0001 |  |
Sun Exposure | Â | Â | Â | 0.01 |
 < 30 min/d | (Reference) | 58.9 (55.9, 61.9) |  |  |
 ≥ 30 min/d and < 2 h/d | 0.34 ± 0.10* | 64.2 (61.2, 67.2) | 0.0003 |  |
 ≥ 2 h/d | 0.52 ± 0.09 | 67.0 (64.4, 69.7) | < 0.0001 |  |
Sunscreen Use | Â | Â | Â | 0.01 |
 Never or rarely | (Reference) | 64.1 (61.6, 66.6) |  |  |
 Sometimes | 0.11 ± 0.07 | 65.9 (63.8, 68.1) | 0.09 |  |
 Often or always | 0.32 ± 0.07 | 69.3 (67.0, 71.6) | < 0.0001 |  |
Vitamin D Supplementation | Â | Â | Â | 0.01 |
 No | (Reference) | 63.6 (61.1, 66.1) |  |  |
 Yes | 0.41 ± 0.13 | 70.2 (66.0, 74.6) | 0.002 |  |
Milk Consumption | Â | Â | Â | 0.03 |
 < Once/d | (Reference) | 60.0 (57.8, 62.2) |  |  |
 Once/d | 0.36 ± 0.06** | 65.7 (63.9, 67.6) | < 0.0001 |  |
 > Once/d | 0.75 ± 0.06 | 72.1 (70.1, 74.1) | < 0.0001 |  |
Salt Water Fish Consumption | Â | Â | Â | < 0.01 |
 < Once/week | (Reference) | 63.8 (60.9, 66.8) |  |  |
 Once/week | 0.04 ± 0.08 | 64.5 (62.0, 67.0) | 0.60 |  |
 > Once/week | 0.17 ± 0.16 | 66.6 (61.7, 71.7) | 0.27 |  |
Body Mass Index | Â | Â | Â | 0.02 |
 < 25 kg/m2 | (Reference) | 67.2 (64.1, 70.5) |  |  |
 ≥ 25 and < 30 kg/m2 | −0.07 ± 0.08# | 66.1 (63.7, 68.6) | 0.38 |  |
 ≥ 30 kg/m2 | −0.57 ± 0.09 | 58.2 (55.6, 60.8) | < 0.0001 |  |
Physical Activity Index | Â | Â | Â | 0.02 |
 Inactive | (Reference) | 60.8 (58.3, 63.4) |  |  |
 Moderately Active | 0.46 ± 0.07 | 68.2 (65.9, 70.6) | < 0.0001 |  |
 Active | 0.54 ± 0.11 | 69.6 (66.1, 73.2) | < 0.0001 |  |
Cigarette Smoking | Â | Â | Â | < 0.01 |
 Non-Smoker | (Reference) | 65.3 (63.0, 67.6) |  |  |
 Current Smoker | −0.19 ± 0.12 | 62.3 (58.8, 65.9) | 0.10 |  |
Alcohol Use | Â | Â | Â | 0.01 |
 Non-Drinker | (Reference) | 60.4 (56.7, 64.2) |  |  |
 Current Drinker | 0.33 ± 0.10 | 65.6 (62.6, 68.7) | 0.0006 |  |
Season | Â | Â | Â | 0.03 |
 January to March | (Reference) | 58.6 (48.1, 70.0) |  |  |
 April to June | 0.36 ± 0.41 | 64.2 (51.9, 77.8) | 0.38 |  |
 July to September | 0.85 ± 0.42 | 72.2 (58.9, 87.0) | 0.04 |  |
 October to December | 0.38 ± 0.39 | 64.6 (52.8, 77.5) | 0.33 |  |
Latitude | Â | Â | Â | 0.02 |
 43-44oN | (Reference) | 63.0 (59.3, 66.7) |  |  |
 45-47oN | 0.43 ± 0.24## | 70.0 (62.4, 78.1) | 0.07 |  |
 49-54oN | −0.09 ± 0.12 | 61.5 (57.8, 65.3) | 0.44 |  |