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Table 2 Baseline characteristics of Australian Telephone-Linked Care (TLC) Diabetes sample

From: Randomised controlled trial of an automated, interactive telephone intervention (TLC Diabetes) to improve type 2 diabetes management: baseline findings and six-month outcomes

  

TLC Diabetes Intervention (n = 60)

Usual care (n = 60)

Total TLC sample (n = 120)

AusDiab sub-sample (n = 156)

Demographic variables

     

 Age

 

58.4 (8.2)

56.4 (8.3)

57.4 (8.3)

56.6 (8.8)

 Sex -

% male

61.7

63.3

62.5

59.8

 Country of birth –

% born in Australia

71.7

68.3

70.0

66.7

 Marital status –

% cohabiting

75.4

74.6

75.0

67.9

 Employment –

% working

46.7

45.0

45.8

47.7

 Income –

% > $40,000

46.7

51.7

49.2

 

 Education –

% > secondary school

60

70

65.0

55.8

 Private medical insurance –

% with

56.7

55.0

55.8

47.3

Psychosocial risk factors –

     

 Depression –

Low

66.7

78.3

72.5

-

 

Intermediate

26.7

20.0

23.3

 
 

High

6.7

1.7

4.2

 

 Anxiety –

Low

90.0

88.3

89.2

-

 

Intermediate

6.7

8.3

7.5

 
 

High

3.3

3.3

3.3

 

 Social support –

% low

20.0

21.7

20.8

NC

 Nutritional self-efficacy

 

15.2 (3.0)

15.0 (3.2)

15.1 (3.1)

NC

 Physical activity self-efficacy

 

12.8 (3.3)

12.7 (3.5)

12.7 (3.4)

NC

 HRQL –

Physical component summary

43.7 (8.4)

43.8 (10.2)

43.6 (9.3)

45.2 (12.7)

 

Mental component summary

49.8 (8.7)

49.5 (9.1)

49.6 (8.9)

49.5 (9.8)

Health behaviours

     

 Smoking status –

% never

51.7

53.3

52.5

34.0

 

% ex-smoker

45.0

46.7

45.0

45.5

 

% current

3.3

0

1.7

17.9*

 Physical activity –

% none

5.0

5.2

5.1

22.4

 

% do not meet guidelines

35.0

43.1

39.0

31.4

 

% meet guidelines

60.0

51.7

55.9

46.2*

 Diet (n = 110) –

Energy (kJ/day) ‡

7658 (5884-9745)

7811 (6080-9566)

7704 (6025-9638)

7467 (5850-9455)

 

Fibre (g/day) ‡

23 (18-29)

23 (17-29)

23 (17-29)

23 (17-30)

 

Fat (g/day) ‡

73 (53-93)

76 (63-95)

75 (57-94)

71 (56-94)

 

Saturated fat (g/day) ‡

27 (21-37)

30 (23-38)

29 (22-38)

28 (22-38)

 Self-care –

% adherence to blood glucose testing recommendations

40.0

30.0

36.2

NC

 

% checked feet everyday

31.7

20.0

26.1

NC

 

% insulin/diabetes medical adherence everyday

87.9

86.0

84.0

NC

 Self-reported health –

% ≥ good

74.9

73.3

74.2

65.8

Medication use

     

 Inject insulin –

% on insulin

41.7

45.0

43.3

NC

Clinical measures

     

 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

 

135.4 (15.0)

137.0 (15.0)

136.2 (15.0)

140.2 (18.9)*

 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

 

80.6 (9.6)

81.1 (10.0)

80.9 (9.7)

75.7 (12.0)*

 Body mass index (kg/m2) ‡

 

32.5 (28.7-35.9)

32.9 (29.2-37.8)

33.6 (28.8-36.9)

30.0 (26.5-34.6)*

 Waist circumference (cm) ‡

 

107.7 (100.0-114.6)

113.1 (101.7-122.4)

111.0 (101.5-118.7)

103.2 (92.0-115.2)*

 Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) (%)‡

 

8.6 (8.0-9.2)

8.5 (7.9-9.5)

8.5 (7.9-9.3)

8.8 (8.1-9.8)*

 Fasting glucose (mmol/l) ‡

 

9.8 (8.4-11.1)

9.5 (8.1-12.0)

9.6 (8.2-11.4)

11.5 (9.8-14.1)*

 Fasting insulin (mU/l) ‡

 

15.0 (9.6-24.0)

13.0 (8.3-22.8)

14.0 (9.1-23.8)

NC

 HOMA Insulin Resistance ‡

 

2.3 (1.4-3.6)

1.9 (1.2-3.0)

2.2 (1.3-3.3)

NC

 Total cholesterol (mmol/l) ‡

 

4.0 (3.5-4.9)

4.0 (3.4-5.2)

4.0 (3.5-5.2)

5.6 (4.8-6.3) *

 High density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/l) ‡

 

1.0 (0.8-1.1)

1.0 (0.8-1.2)

1.0 (0.8-1.1)

1.2 (1.0-1.4) *

 Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/l) ‡

 

2.1 (1.8-3.1)

2.2 (1.6-3.0)

2.1 (1.7-3.0)

3.2 (2.7-3.9)*

 Triglycerides (mmol/l) ‡

 

1.6 (1-2.1)

1.5 (1.1-2.0)

1.5 (1.1-2.1)

2.0 (1.3-2.9) *

 Creatinine (μmol) ‡

 

83.0 (64.8-98.5)

73.0 (62.0-86.8)

78.0 (62.8-95.3)

83.5 (73.0-92.8)*

 Estimated glomerular filtration rate (ml/min) ‡ †

 

76.0 (64.0-91.0)

85.5 (77.3-91.0)*

83.0 (70.8-91.0)

78.1 (69.5-87.7)*

Clinical history (self-report)

     

 Doctor-diagnosed hypertension (%)

 

63.3

68.3

65.8

46.8

 Doctor-diagnosed hypercholesterolaemia (%)

 

60.0

66.7

63.3

48.0

 Doctor-diagnosed diabetic eye complications (%)

 

15.0

21.7

18.3

NC

 Doctor-diagnosed diabetic neuropathy (%)

 

18.3

25.0

21.7

NC

 Doctor-diagnosed kidney disease (%)

 

11.7

5.0

8.3

NC

 Doctor-diagnosed cardiovascular disease (%)

 

28.3

30.0

29.2

NC

  1. Data are presented as means (SD) and percentages, or as ‡medians (inter-quartile range) for skewed data. Group comparisons between TLC study arms and between TLC and AusDiab samples of normally distributed data used independent samples t-tests and chi square tests. Group comparisons between TLC study arms and between TLC and AusDiab samples of non-normally distributed variables used Mann-Whitney U test, *p <0.05.
  2. † Estimated glomerular filtration rate data highly skewed (values over 90 ml/min labelled 91).
  3. HRQL: Health-related quality of life.
  4. HOMA: Homeostasis model assessment.
  5. High risk AusDiab group inclusion criteria are type 2 diabetes, within TLC age-range, and HbA1c ≥ 7.5%; TLC-AusDiab group comparison are made with full TLC sample (n = 120).
  6. NC: Not comparable - missing comparisons with AusDiab subsample due to incomparable methods of data collection between studies.
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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