Table 1 Sample characteristics and metabolic blood profile in means (SD) or percentage (%) by maternal education
Total | Low education | Mid education | High education | p-valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 1308 | 68 | 216 | 1024 | |
Age | 5.67 (0.43) | 5.66 (0.44) | 5.74 (0.44) | 5.66 (0.42) | .04 |
Sex (% boys) | 51.1 | 45.6 | 48.6 | 52.1 | .42 |
Height m | 1.16 (0.06) | 1.17 (0.06) | 1.17 (0.06) | 1.16 (0.05) | .12 |
Size at birth | .34 | ||||
SGA (<p10) (%) | 5.4 | 4.4 | 8.3 | 4.9 | |
AGA | 79.9 | 79.4 | 78.2 | 80.3 | |
LGA (>p90) | 14.7 | 16.2 | 13.4 | 14.8 | |
Pre pregnancy Maternal BMI | 22.8 (3.6) | 25.1 (4.7) | 23.5 (3.8) | 22.5 (3.3) | <.001 |
Breastfeeding duration | <.001 | ||||
< 1 month (%) | 23.1 | 39.7 | 31.0 | 20.3 | |
1 – 3 months | 24.9 | 30.9 | 28.7 | 23.8 | |
> 3 months | 52.0 | 29.4 | 40.3 | 55.9 | |
Childhood sdsBMI | −0.15 (0.82) | 0.14 (1.00) | −0.14 (0.94) | −0.17 (0.77) | .009 |
Physical activity | |||||
sports club member (% yes) | 58.2 | 52.3 | 59.0 | 58.4 | .42 |
Walking to school | .001 | ||||
No | 47.1 | 47.6 | 45.1 | 47.5 | |
< 30 min a week | 23.7 | 11.1 | 23.3 | 24.6 | |
31 – 60 min a week | 19.4 | 15.9 | 22.3 | 19.0 | |
> 60 min a week | 9.7 | 25.4 | 9.2 | 8.9 | |
Cycling to school | .27 | ||||
No | 62.5 | 65.6 | 64.4 | 61.9 | |
< 30 min a week | 19.5 | 25.0 | 16.8 | 19.7 | |
31 – 60 min a week | 11.4 | 4.7 | 13.9 | 11.3 | |
> 60 min a week | 6.6 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 7.1 | |
Income adequacy | <.001 | ||||
Inadequate (%) | 8.1 | 7.5 | 11.1 | 7.3 | |
Adequate | 18.9 | 45.6 | 27.3 | 15.4 | |
Bit more than adequate | 41.9 | 36.8 | 43.1 | 42.0 | |
Lot more than adequate | 31.1 | 5.9 | 18.5 | 35.4 | |
Outcome | |||||
Cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.0 (0.7) | 4.0 (0.7) | 4.1 (0.7) | 4.0 (0.7) | .47 |
HDL-C (mmol/l) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.3) | .99 |
LDL-C (mmol/l) | 2.3 (0.6) | 2.3 (0.6) | 2.4 (0.7) | 2.3 (0.6) | .45 |
Triglyceridesb (mmol/l) | 0.6 (0.4 – 0.8) | 0.6 (0.5 – 0.8) | 0.6 (0.4 – 0.8) | 0.6 (0.4 – 0.8) | .66 |
Glucose (mmol/l) | 4.6 (0.5) | 4.7 (0.6) | 4.6 (0.5) | 4.5 (0.5) | .01 |
n | 974 | 52 | 154 | 768 | |
C-peptideb (nmol/l) | 0.32 (0.28 – 0.38) | 0.38 (0.32 – 0.44) | 0.33 (0.28 – 0.40) | 0.32 (0.28 – 0.38) | <.001 |
HOMA-IR | 0.7 (0.3) | 0.9 (0.4) | 0.8 (0.3) | 0.7 (0.2) | <.001 |