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Table 4 Sleep duration: associations with socioeconomic factors

From: Sociodemographic and socioeconomic differences in sleep duration and insomnia-related symptoms in Finnish adults

 

Model 1 Adjusted for age and gender

Model 2 Adjusted for age, gender, marital status, children and area

Model 3 Adjusted for age, gender, marital status, children, area, education, parental education, employment status and income

Model 4 Adjusted for age, gender, marital status, children, area, education, parental education, employment status, income and self-perceived health

 

OR (95% CI)

P-value

OR (95% CI)

P-value

OR (95% CI)

P-value

OR (95% CI)

P-value

PARENTAL EDUCATION

        

< 5 h vs. 7 h

        

 High

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 Intermediate

1.05 (0.38, 2.86)

0.93

1.05 (0.38, 2.89)

0.93

0.89 (0.32, 2.46)

0.82

0.90 (0.32, 2.52)

0.84

 Low

1.52 (0.71, 3.24)

0.28

1.44 (0.67, 3.09)

0.35

0.93 (0.41, 2.11)

0.87

0.91 (0.40, 2.07)

0.81

 Do not know

1.96 (0.62, 6.20)

0.25

1.79 (0.56, 5.74)

0.33

0.93 (0.26, 3.36)

0.91

0.90 (0.23, 3.43)

0.87

5 h vs. 7 h

        

 High

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 Intermediate

5.27 (1.20, 23.2)

0.03

5.31 (1.21, 23.3)

0.03

4.47 (1.02, 19.6)

0.05

4.51 (1.09, 18.7)

0.04

 Low

3.84 (0.94, 15.6)

0.06

3.61 (0.98, 14.7)

0.07

2.36 (0.57, 9.76)

0.24

2.31 (0.59, 9.12)

0.23

 Do not know

4.73 (0.82, 27.4)

0.08

4.36 (0.76, 25.1)

0.10

2.56 (0.43, 15.3)

0.30

2.54 (0.41, 15.7)

0.31

6 h vs. 7 h

        

 High

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 Intermediate

0.87 (0.53, 1.44)

0.60

0.88 (0.53, 1.46)

0.63

0.87 (0.52, 1.44)

0.59

0.87 (0.53, 1.45)

0.60

 Low

0.99 (0.68, 1.43)

0.95

0.98 (0.68, 1.42)

0.92

0.90 (0.60, 1.33)

0.59

0.89 (0.60, 1.33)

0.58

 Do not know

0.53 (0.21, 1.29)

0.16

0.48 (0.19, 1.19)

0.12

0.44 (0.17, 1.11)

0.08

0.44 (0.17, 1.11)

0.08

8 h vs. 7 h

        

 High

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 Intermediate

1.00 (0.71, 1.40)

1.00

0.99 (0.71, 1.39)

0.96

0.97 (0.69, 1.35)

0.84

0.98 (0.70, 1.37)

0.90

 Low

0.96 (0.74, 1.26)

0.79

0.94 (0.72, 1.22)

0.65

0.94 (0.72, 1.22)

0.63

0.94 (0.72, 1.24)

0.68

 Do not know

0.93 (0.57, 1.51)

0.76

0.91 (0.56, 1.49)

0.71

0.81 (0.47, 1.39)

0.45

0.82 (0.48, 1.41)

0.47

9 h vs. 7 h

        

 High

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 Intermediate

0.84 (0.52, 1.38)

0.50

0.85 (0.52, 1.39)

0.51

0.80 (0.48, 1.33)

0.38

0.81 (0.48, 1.35)

0.41

 Low

0.82 (0.55, 1.22)

0.33

0.82 (0.54, 1.23)

0.33

0.77 (0.50, 1.18)

0.23

0.77 (0.50, 1.19)

0.24

 Do not know

0.81 (0.33, 1.98)

0.65

0.67 (0.26, 1.70)

0.40

0.36 (0.12, 1.08)

0.07

0.36 (0.12, 1.08)

0.07

≥ 10 h vs. 7 h

        

 High

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 Intermediate

2.76 (0.91, 8.37)

0.07

2.63 (0.87, 7.93)

0.08

2.19 (0.72, 6.68)

0.17

2.37 (0.76, 7.35)

0.14

 Low

1.88 (0.70, 5.00)

0.21

1.58 (0.60, 4.18)

0.35

1.11 (0.41, 3.02)

0.84

1.15 (0.42, 3.17)

0.78

 Do not know

0.57 (0.06, 5.47)

0.63

-

-

-

-

-

-

Global P-value

0.44

 

<0.0001

 

<0.0001

 

<0.0001

 

n

5445

 

5437

 

5307

 

5300

 

OWN EDUCATION

        

< 5 h vs. 7 h

        

 high (> 12)

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 medium (10–12)

1.86 (1.21, 2.86)

0.005

1.78 (1.14, 2.78)

0.01

1.67 (1.02, 2.73)

0.04

1.60 (0.97, 2.64)

0.07

 low (7–9)

2.31 (1.46, 3.64)

0.0003

2.17 (1.36, 3.48)

0.001

2.03 (1.19, 3.46)

0.009

1.84 (1.07, 3.16)

0.03

 very low (< 7)

2.55 (1.46, 4.44)

0.001

2.25 (1.27, 3.97)

0.005

1.53 (0.79, 2.98)

0.21

1.27 (0.64, 2.53)

0.50

5 h vs. 7 h

        

 high (> 12)

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 medium (10–12)

2.37 (1.44, 3.91)

0.0007

2.25 (1.36, 3.71)

0.002

2.11 (1.22, 3.63)

0.007

1.97 (1.15, 3.38)

0.01

 low (7–9)

2.27 (1.36, 3.79)

0.002

2.10 (1.24, 3.56)

0.006

1.79 (0.97, 3.31)

0.06

1.54 (0.84, 2.82)

0.16

 very low (< 7)

2.29 (1.14, 4.60)

0.02

2.02 (1.03, 3.97)

0.04

1.54 (0.73, 3.24)

0.25

1.27 (0.60, 2.69)

0.53

6 h vs. 7 h

        

 high (> 12)

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 medium (10–12)

1.10 (0.87, 1.38)

0.42

1.07 (0.85, 1.35)

0.56

1.03 (0.81, 1.33)

0.79

1.02 (0.79, 1.31)

0.88

 low (7–9)

1.29 (0.99, 1.68)

0.06

1.26 (0.96, 1.63)

0.09

1.23 (0.91, 1.66)

0.17

1.20 (0.88, 1.62)

0.24

 very low (< 7)

1.61 (1.06, 2.43)

0.02

1.54 (1.01, 2.34)

0.05

1.39 (0.87, 2.23)

0.17

1.34 (0.83, 2.15)

0.23

8 h vs. 7 h

        

 high (> 12)

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 medium (10–12)

0.89 (0.75, 1.07)

0.21

0.89 (0.74, 1.06)

0.18

0.85 (0.71, 1.02)

0.09

0.85 (0.71, 1.02)

0.08

 low (7–9)

1.01 (0.83, 1.22)

0.95

0.98 (0.81, 1.19)

0.83

0.92 (0.74, 1.15)

0.46

0.92 (0.74, 1.14)

0.44

 very low (< 7)

1.07 (0.78, 1.47)

0.68

1.01 (0.73, 1.42)

0.93

0.86 (0.59, 1.27)

0.45

0.85 (0.57, 1.25)

0.40

9 h vs. 7 h

        

 high (> 12)

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 medium (10–12)

0.85 (0.65, 1.11)

0.23

0.85 (0.64, 1.11)

0.23

0.87 (0.64, 1.18)

0.37

0.86 (0.64, 1.16)

0.33

 low (7–9)

1.09 (0.81, 1.46)

0.57

1.05 (0.78, 1.40)

0.76

0.92 (0.66, 1.28)

0.62

0.91 (0.65, 1.27)

0.57

 very low (< 7)

1.46 (0.82, 2.60)

0.20

1.31 (0.73, 2.35)

0.37

0.92 (0.50, 1.72)

0.80

0.90 (0.48, 1.67)

0.73

≥ 10 h vs. 7 h

        

 high (> 12)

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 medium (10–12)

1.55 (0.96, 2.51)

0.07

1.42 (0.87, 2.31)

0.16

1.26 (0.72, 2.20)

0.43

1.19 (0.68, 2.10)

0.55

 low (7–9)

1.84 (1.17, 2.92)

0.009

1.54 (0.98, 2.44)

0.06

1.03 (0.56, 1.90)

0.93

0.90 (0.48, 1.69)

0.74

 very low (< 7)

2.69 (1.46, 4.96)

0.002

2.19 (1.15, 4.15)

0.02

1.41 (0.65, 3.02)

0.38

1.18 (0.53, 2.61)

0.68

Global P-value

<0.0001

 

0.0003

 

0.03

 

0.05

 

n

5560

 

5550

 

5307

 

5300

 

HOUSEHOLD INCOME LEVEL

        

< 5 h vs. 7 h

        

 Highest income quartile

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 3rd

1.28 (0.87, 1.86)

0.21

1.38 (0.93, 2.05)

0.11

1.25 (0.81, 1.92)

0.32

1.26 (0.81, 1.95)

0.30

 2nd

1.63 (1.09, 2.42)

0.02

1.68 (1.13, 2.51)

0.01

1.33 (0.81, 2.18)

0.26

1.27 (0.77, 2.10)

0.34

 lowest income quartile

1.87 (1.27, 2.77)

0.002

1.74 (1.14, 2.65)

0.01

1.34 (0.81, 2.21)

0.25

1.28 (0.77, 2.12)

0.34

5 h vs. 7 h

        

 Highest income quartile

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 3rd

1.24 (0.72, 2.12)

0.44

1.39 (0.81, 2.38)

0.23

1.11 (0.63, 1.96)

0.72

1.07 (0.61, 1.89)

0.82

 2nd

1.54 (0.92, 2.58)

0.10

1.63 (0.96, 2.76)

0.07

1.29 (0.73, 2.30)

0.38

1.23 (0.69, 2.19)

0.48

 lowest income quartile

2.29 (1.38, 3.81)

0.002

2.25 (1.33, 3.82)

0.003

1.68 (0.91, 3.11)

0.09

1.55 (0.84, 2.87)

0.16

6 h vs. 7 h

        

 Highest income quartile

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 3rd

1.17 (0.90, 1.52)

0.24

1.25 (0.94, 1.65)

0.12

1.21 (0.91, 1.61)

0.19

1.20 (0.90, 1.59)

0.21

 2nd

1.29 (1.00, 1.65)

0.05

1.34 (1.03, 1.75)

0.03

1.25 (0.93, 1.67)

0.13

1.23 (0.92, 1.64)

0.17

 lowest income quartile

1.56 (1.20, 2.02)

0.0008

1.50 (1.13, 1.99)

0.005

1.39 (0.98, 1.97)

0.06

1.36 (0.96, 1.91)

0.08

8 h vs. 7 h

        

 Highest income quartile

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 3rd

1.19 (1.01, 1.40)

0.04

1.21 (1.03, 1.44)

0.02

1.21 (1.01, 1.44)

0.04

1.20 (1.01, 1.44)

0.04

 2nd

1.18 (0.99, 1.41)

0.07

1.20 (1.01, 1.44)

0.04

1.17 (0.96, 1.43)

0.12

1.17 (0.96, 1.43)

0.12

 lowest income quartile

1.31 (1.07, 1.60)

0.009

1.36 (1.10, 1.68)

0.005

1.32 (1.03, 1.70)

0.03

1.31 (1.02, 1.68)

0.04

9 h vs. 7 h

        

 Highest income quartile

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 3rd

1.56 (1.16, 2.11)

0.004

1.66 (1.23, 2.24)

0.0009

1.47 (1.07, 2.00)

0.02

1.47 (1.08, 2.01)

0.01

 2nd

1.59 (1.15, 2.19)

0.005

1.67 (1.21, 2.32)

0.002

1.20 (0.80, 1.78)

0.38

1.19 (0.80, 1.77)

0.40

 lowest income quartile

2.31 (1.69, 3.15)

<0.0001

2.47 (1.77, 3.44)

<0.0001

1.67 (1.11, 2.50)

0.01

1.65 (1.10, 2.48)

0.01

≥ 10 h vs. 7 h

        

 Highest income quartile

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 3rd

1.41 (0.76, 2.61)

0.27

1.72 (0.92, 3.20)

0.09

1.16 (0.61, 2.20)

0.65

1.13 (0.60, 2.12)

0.71

 2nd

3.17 (1.84, 5.46)

<0.0001

3.66 (2.09, 6.40)

<0.0001

1.75 (0.96, 3.20)

0.07

1.60 (0.88, 2.92)

0.12

 lowest income quartile

5.02 (2.83, 8.89)

<0.0001

5.29 (2.90, 9.65)

<0.0001

2.20 (1.12, 4.32)

0.02

1.99 (1.02, 3.87)

0.04

Global P-value

<0.0001

 

<0.0001

 

0.20

 

0.34

 

n

5453

 

5453

 

5307

 

5300

 

EMPLOYMENT STATUS

        

< 5 h vs. 7 h

        

 Working

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 Unemployed

1.82 (1.07, 3.09)

0.03

1.65 (0.97, 2.81)

0.06

1.34 (0.75, 2.39)

0.32

1.15 (0.65, 2.04)

0.63

 Disability pension

2.02 (1.16, 3.51)

0.01

1.92 (1.10, 3.34)

0.02

1.53 (0.81, 2.89)

0.19

1.17 (0.62, 2.20)

0.62

 Old age retirement

1.29 (0.74, 2.23)

0.37

1.29 (0.74, 2.24)

0.36

1.04 (0.57, 1.91)

0.89

1.01 (0.54, 1.88)

0.98

 Other pension

1.28 (0.61, 2.70)

0.52

1.21 (0.57, 2.55)

0.62

1.07 (0.49, 2.33)

0.86

1.06 (0.48, 2.37)

0.88

 Other

1.23 (0.43, 3.51)

0.69

1.25 (0.43, 3.60)

0.69

1.00 (0.30, 3.29)

1.00

0.93 (0.28, 3.12)

0.90

5 h vs. 7 h

        

 Working

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 Unemployed

1.76 (0.93, 3.35)

0.08

1.64 (0.87, 3.09)

0.13

1.21 (0.63, 2.31)

0.57

0.99 (0.52, 1.89)

0.98

 Disability pension

2.54 (1.32, 4.88)

0.005

2.52 (1.31, 4.82)

0.005

2.08 (1.07, 4.03)

0.03

1.40 (0.71, 2.77)

0.33

 Old age retirement

1.37 (0.70, 2.70)

0.36

1.42 (0.72, 2.80)

0.31

1.13 (0.56, 2.28)

0.74

0.97 (0.47, 1.99)

0.94

 Other pension

0.46 (0.11, 1.87)

0.27

0.44 (0.10, 1.86)

0.26

0.37 (0.09, 1.51)

0.17

0.36 (0.09, 1.47)

0.15

 Other

1.29 (0.35, 4.68)

0.70

1.44 (0.40, 5.26)

0.58

1.40 (0.39, 5.05)

0.61

1.25 (0.39, 4.02)

0.71

6 h vs. 7 h

        

 Working

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 Unemployed

1.09 (0.74, 1.60)

0.66

0.99 (0.67, 1.46)

0.94

0.85 (0.56, 1.30)

0.46

0.84 (0.55, 1.28)

0.42

 Disability pension

1.50 (1.05, 2.15)

0.03

1.39 (0.96, 1.99)

0.08

1.12 (0.77, 1.61)

0.55

1.04 (0.72, 1.52)

0.82

 Old age retirement

1.22 (0.89, 1.68)

0.22

1.18 (0.85, 1.65)

0.32

0.97 (0.67, 1.39)

0.86

0.97 (0.68, 1.40)

0.89

 Other pension

0.68 (0.35, 1.31)

0.25

0.65 (0.33, 1.27)

0.21

0.62 (0.31, 1.24)

0.18

0.62 (0.31, 1.24)

0.18

 Other

1.13 (0.64, 2.00)

0.67

1.20 (0.68, 2.13)

0.53

1.08 (0.59, 1.97)

0.80

1.07 (0.59, 1.94)

0.82

8 h vs. 7 h

        

 Working

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 Unemployed

1.17 (0.93, 1.48)

0.18

1.17 (0.93, 1.47)

0.19

1.02 (0.79, 1.31)

0.89

1.02 (0.79, 1.31)

0.90

 Disability pension

1.40 (1.06, 1.85)

0.02

1.41 (1.06, 1.86)

0.02

1.31 (0.97, 1.77)

0.08

1.31 (0.96, 1.79)

0.09

 Old age retirement

1.55 (1.16, 2.07)

0.003

1.60 (1.21, 2.14)

0.001

1.45 (1.08, 1.94)

0.01

1.45 (1.09, 1.94)

0.01

 Other pension

1.21 (0.75, 1.96)

0.43

1.20 (0.75, 1.93)

0.45

1.12 (0.69, 1.81)

0.65

1.12 (0.69, 1.82)

0.64

 Other

1.69 (1.16, 2.45)

0.006

1.68 (1.15, 2.46)

0.007

1.60 (1.07, 2.37)

0.02

1.61 (1.08, 2.39)

0.02

9 h vs. 7 h

        

 Working

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 Unemployed

2.19 (1.49, 3.21)

0.0001

2.10 (1.43, 3.09)

0.0002

1.90 (1.23, 2.92)

0.003

1.87 (1.22, 2.87)

0.004

 Disability pension

4.24 (2.55, 7.05)

<0.0001

4.07 (2.44, 6.79)

<0.0001

3.85 (2.29, 6.48)

<0.0001

3.62 (2.13, 6.15)

<0.0001

 Old age retirement

5.62 (3.33, 9.48)

<0.0001

5.61 (3.34, 9.43)

<0.0001

5.49 (3.11, 9.67)

<0.0001

5.46 (3.11, 9.60)

<0.0001

 Other pension

2.75 (1.32, 5.72)

0.007

2.38 (1.14, 4.95)

0.02

2.27 (1.06, 4.88)

0.03

2.24 (1.04, 4.83)

0.04

 Other

3.40 (2.28, 5.09)

<0.0001

3.34 (2.20, 5.06)

<0.0001

3.09 (2.02, 4.74)

<0.0001

3.08 (2.00, 4.74)

<0.0001

≥ 10 h vs. 7 h

        

 Working

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 Unemployed

7.22 (4.00, 13.0)

<0.0001

6.11 (3.39, 11.0)

<0.0001

4.60 (2.45, 8.64)

<0.0001

4.10 (2.19, 7.67)

<0.0001

 Disability pension

17.3 (9.29, 32.3)

<0.0001

15.2 (8.16, 28.2)

<0.0001

12.5 (6.51, 24.2)

<0.0001

9.53 (4.85, 18.7)

<0.0001

 Old age retirement

10.3 (5.24, 20.3)

<0.0001

11.1 (5.57, 22.2)

<0.0001

9.21 (4.43, 19.2)

<0.0001

9.23 (4.34, 19.6)

<0.0001

 Other pension

5.31 (1.82, 15.5)

0.002

3.92 (1.16, 13.3)

0.03

3.80 (1.09, 13.3)

0.04

3.70 (1.07, 12.8)

0.04

 Other

9.14 (4.51, 18.5)

<0.0001

11.4 (5.75, 22.7)

<0.0001

8.58 (3.88, 19.0)

<0.0001

8.27 (3.78, 18.1)

<0.0001

Global P-value

<0.0001

 

<0.0001

 

<0.0001

 

<0.0001

 

n

5578

 

5568

 

5307

 

5300

 
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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