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Table 4 Results of univariate and expanded models where the outcome is self-reported health-related absence from work in the previous 90 days

From: Diabetes, HIV and other health determinants associated with absenteeism among formal sector workers in Namibia

Demographic Information

 

Crude Rate Ratio (IRR)

Crude IRR 95% CI

p-value

Adjusted Rate Ratio (IRR)

Adjusted IRR 95% CI

p-value

Industry

   

< 0.0003

   
 

Retail and Trade

   
 

Agriculture

0.66

(0.46-0.94)

0.02

   
 

Fishing

1.53

(1.23-1.90)

< 0.01

   
 

Electricity, gas & water

1.70

(1.32-2.20)

< 0.01

   
 

Wholesale trade and repair of motor vehicles

1.39

(1.07-1.79)

0.01

   
 

Hotels and Restaurants

1.01

(0.66-1.55)

0.96

   
 

Transport, Storage and Communication

1.20

(0.90-1.59)

0.21

   

Contract Type

   
 

Permanent

   
 

Part-time/Short-term

0.74

(0.63-0.89)

< 0.001

   

Job Type

   
 

Labour

   
 

Administration Work

1.03

(0.85-1.24)

0.80

   

Age

   
 

Age

1.00

(0.99-1.01)

0.97

   

Sex

   
 

Male

   
 

Female

1.07

(0.90-1.26)

0.41

   
  

Crude Rate

Crude IRR

  

Adjusted Rate

Adjusted IRR

Risk Factors

 

Ratio (IRR)

95% CI

p -value

Ratio (IRR)

95% CI

p -value

BMI

   
 

BMI z-score

1.04

(0.96-1.13)

0.32

0.98

(0.90-1.07)

0.72

Waist Circumference

   
 

Normal

   
 

Above limit

1.21

(0.99-1.48)

0.06

1.10

(0.90-1.34)

0.42

Blood Pressure

   
 

Normal (< 140/90 mm/Hg)

 

Elevated (140/90-153/103 mm/Hg)

0.75

(0.60-0.92)

0.01

0.74

(0.59-0.91)

0.01

 

High (≥ 154/104 mm/Hg)

1.10

(0.84-1.43)

0.50

1.03

(0.78-1.35)

0.85

Smoking Status

 

Never smoked

 

Smoker

1.09

(0.89-1.34)

0.40

1.15

(0.94-1.42)

0.18

Hypertension

 

No

 

Yes

1.14

(0.92-1.41)

0.22

1.07

(0.86-1.34)

0.55

Diabetes

       
 

No

 

Yes

3.40

(1.91-6.04)

< 0.01

3.67

(2.06-6.55)

< 0.01

Haemoglobin

       
 

Normal

 

Anaemia

1.82

(1.35-2.46)

< 0.01

1.59

(1.17-2.18)

< 0.01

HIV

       
 

Negative

 

Positive

1.55

(1.18-2.04)

< 0.01

1.47

(1.12-1.95)

0.01

Hepatitis B

       
 

Negative

 

Positive

1.01

(0.75-1.37)

0.92

1.14

(0.85-1.55)

0.38

Syphilis

       
 

Negative

 
 

Positive

0.64

(0.31-1.37)

0.22

0.83

(0.40-1.69)

0.60

  1. *adjusted IRR were calculated after controlling for industry, age, sex, job status, and contract type. All IRR were calculated by exponentiating the beta coefficients obtained from negative binomial regression