Table 4 Sub-items reported as important aspects of the ten WHO determinants
WHOSocial determinants of health | HN* (n = 22) |
|---|---|
Social gradient | |
Poor economic circumstances | 13 |
Stressful life | 5 |
Psychological wear | 1 |
Changing jobs and facing redundancy | 1 |
Stress | |
Social isolation | 1 |
Increased cardiovascular disease risk | 1 |
Increased cerebrovascular disease risk | 1 |
Immune system weakness | 1 |
Increased depression risk | 1 |
Early Life | |
Inadequate income of family | 11 |
Low educational attainment of family on bring up children | 5 |
Maternal malnutrition during pregnancy | 3 |
Social Exclusion | |
Poverty | 7 |
Facing racism and discrimination | 2 |
Exclusion of psychiatric cases or mentally handicapped | 1 |
Work | |
Out of control over her/his own work | 19 |
Stress at work | 9 |
Inadequate value of labor | 3 |
Unemployment | |
Financial problems, debt expansion | 11 |
Increased depression and worry | 6 |
Chronic stressors | 2 |
Social support | |
Decline in social support = decline in prosperity | 16 |
Lower social cohesion | 9 |
Experience more depression | 6 |
Addiction | |
Violence | 9 |
Social deprivation | 4 |
Increase in accidents | 3 |
Financial problems | 3 |
Food | |
Cancer | 7 |
Overconsumption = obesity | 4 |
Diabetes | 1 |
Degenerative eye disease | 1 |
Consumption of cheaper processed foods by the poor | 1 |
Transport | |
To provide exercise and reduce obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease | 7 |
Exercise decreases risk of depression | 7 |
Public transport stimulates social interaction | 6 |
Public transport reduces air pollution | 6 |
Cycling and walking provide exercise | 6 |
Cycling and walking make little noise | 2 |
WHO Social determinants of health | Mayors (n = 42) |
Social gradient | |
Stressful life | 33 |
Psychological wear | 23 |
Poor education | 22 |
Stress | |
Increased depression risk | 23 |
Lack of control over home | 22 |
Lack of control over work | 17 |
Immune system weakness | 17 |
Early Life | |
Inadequate income of family | 29 |
Maternal smoking | 20 |
Low educational attainment of family | 20 |
Low educational attainment of family on bring up children | 18 |
Social Exclusion | |
Exclusion from employment possibilities | 32 |
Poverty | 22 |
Exclusion of psychiatric cases or mentally handicapped | 17 |
Work | |
Stress at work | 30 |
Inadequate value of labor | 19 |
Lack of social support | 17 |
Unemployment | |
Financial problems, debt expansion | 34 |
Increased depression and worry | 28 |
Feel insecurity | 24 |
Social support | |
Decline in social support = decline in prosperity | 31 |
Experience more depression | 29 |
Lower social cohesion | 27 |
Addiction | |
Violence | 35 |
Social deprivation | 30 |
Increase in accidents | 28 |
Suicide | 28 |
Food | |
Overconsumption = obesity | 34 |
Consumption of cheaper processed foods by the poor | 25 |
Increased cardiovascular disease | 24 |
Transport | |
Public transport reduces accidents | 34 |
Cycling and walking provide exercise | 30 |
Cycling and walking make little noise | 27 |