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Table 2 Violence in relation to mortality and underlying causes of death among 48,834 Swedish conscripts

From: Mortality and causes of death among violent offenders and victims-a Swedish population based longitudinal study

 

Accidents

N = 420

HR (95% CI)

Suicide

N = 487

HR (95% CI)

Alcohol and drugs

N = 507

HR (95% CI)

Circulatory disease

N = 400

HR (95% CI)

Neoplasm

N = 560

HR (95% CI)

Other causesa

N = 297

HR (95% CI)

All causes

N = 2,671

HR (95% CI)

Offenders

No violent offense

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1 violent offense

(n = 1,458)

1.75 (1.13-2.72)

2.03 (1.35-3.07)

4.28 (3.21-5.72)

1.89 (1.21-2.93)

1.05 (0.65-1.70)

0.81 (0.38-1.71)

1.98 (1.68-2.34)

2+ violent offenses

(n = 681)

2.21 (1.25-3.93)

3.59 (2.26-5.69)

10.84 (8.23-14.28)

2.68 (1.54-4.66)

1.55 (0.86-2.82)

1.57 (0.70-3.53)

3.94 (3.30-4.70)

Victims (n = 500)

No victimization

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

At least one occasion of being victimized

1.11 (1.02-1.22)

2.29 (1.26-4.16)

6.58 (4.58-9.47)

2.89 (1.59-5.27)

1.38 (0.65-2.91)

3.17 (1.63-6.15)

3.03 (2.42-3.80)

Both offender and victim

(n = 235)

       

No occasion

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

At least one occasion of offending and being victimized

1.20 (1.06-1.37)

3.11 (1.48-6.56)

10.51 (6.92-15.96)

4.03 (1.91-8.50)

1.21 (0.39-3.77)

6.15 (3.05-12.44)

4.37 (3.32-5.74)

  1. Cox proportional bivariate analyses. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) are given in relation to all living participants*
  2. *) Death cases due to accidents, suicide, neoplasm, circulatory disease, and other causes in combination with alcohol or drug-related diagnoses were excluded
  3. a)Other causes were respiratory (n = 45) or digestive disease (n = 47), endocrine problems (n = 55), a nervous system disorder (n = 57), infection (n = 20), and other diseases (n = 63)