From: Predictors of binge drinking in adolescents: ultimate and distal factors - a representative study
 | Constructs: Social/Interpersonal | Operationalization | Constructs: Attitudinal/Environment | Operationalization | Constructs: Intrapersonal | Operationalization |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ultimate | - Infrequent opportunities for rewards from family members - Lack of parental warmth, support, or supervision - Negative evaluations from parents - Home strain - Parental divorce or separation - Unconventional values of parents - Unconventional values among peers | - Acknowledgment of success/rewards by parents - Parental warmth in childhood - Parental control/supervision in adolescence - Parental separation events - Cultural communication in the family | - Local crime and employment rates - Inadequate schools - Poor career and academic options - Infrequent opportunities for rewards at school - Negative evaluations from teachers - Media descriptions of ISU - Availability of substances - Weak public policies on ISU | - Community/neighborhood cohesion - Community/neighborhood/school safety - Welfare status - Violence level in the school - Willingness of teachers to intervene during violent conflicts - Violence/problems at school - aggressive behavior of teachers | - Genetic susceptibility to addiction - Lack of impulse control - External locus of control - Aggressiveness - Extroversion - Sociability - Risk-taking - Sensation-seeking - Neuroticism or emotional instability - Intelligence | - Attention deficit disorder - Risk-taking behavior - School grades |
Distal | - Weak attachment, weak desire to please family members - Strong attachment, strong desire to please peers - Greater influence of peers than parents - Substance-specific behaviors of role models | - Number of friends - Number of delinquent friends - Deviant/Assimilated behavior of one's own group of friends - Smoking parents | - Weak commitment to conventional values, school, and religion - Social alienation and criticism - Weak desire for success and achievement - Hedonic values and short-term gratification - Rebelliousness - Desire for independence from parents - Tolerance of deviance | - Voluntary non-profit activities - Religiosity - School commitment - Social integration in school - Social Desirability/Conventional Values - Planned type of school leaving certificate - Absenteeism/Truancy - Hedonistic reasons for truancy | - Low self-esteem - Temporary anxiety, stress, or depressed mood - Poor coping skills - Inadequate social skills - Weak academic skills | - Self-esteem - Mental well-being/mood - School anxiety - Suicidal thoughts - Mandatory repetition of school year |