From: Latin American immigrants have limited access to health insurance in Japan: a cross sectional study
 | Total | Uninsured | Insured | Pvalue | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | (n = 282) | (n = 56) | (n = 226) |  | |||
 | n | %a | n | %a | n | %a |  |
Sociodemographic | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Men | 137 | 48.5 | 37 | 66.1 | 100 | 44.1 | 0.006 |
   Women | 145 | 51.5 | 19 | 33.9 | 126 | 55.9 |  |
Country of origin | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Brazil | 197 | 69.9 | 41 | 73.1 | 156 | 69.2 | 0.073 |
   Peru | 46 | 16.4 | 4 | 6.5 | 43 | 18.8 |  |
   Bolivia | 25 | 8.9 | 10 | 18.2 | 15 | 6.6 |  |
   Others | 14 | 4.8 | 1 | 2.2 | 12 | 5.4 |  |
Age | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   18 - 29 | 91 | 32.1 | 22 | 39.2 | 69 | 30.3 | 0.102 |
   30 - 39 | 91 | 32.4 | 15 | 26.2 | 77 | 34.0 |  |
   40 - 49 | 55 | 19.4 | 16 | 28.1 | 39 | 17.3 |  |
   50 or more | 45 | 16.0 | 4 | 6.5 | 42 | 18.4 |  |
Marriage and live-in partnerships | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Married (living with spouse) | 178 | 63.1 | 27 | 49.2 | 150 | 66.5 | 0.132 |
   Married (not living with spouse or other partner) | 20 | 7.3 | 3 | 6.0 | 17 | 7.6 |  |
   Not married (living with partner) | 23 | 8.0 | 6 | 10.7 | 17 | 7.3 |  |
   Not married (not living with partner) | 61 | 21.7 | 19 | 34.0 | 42 | 18.7 |  |
Number of children | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   0 | 69 | 24.6 | 26 | 45.8 | 44 | 19.3 | 0.045 |
   1 | 80 | 28.5 | 16 | 28.0 | 65 | 28.6 |  |
   2 | 87 | 30.9 | 10 | 17.5 | 77 | 34.2 |  |
   3 or more | 45 | 16.0 | 5 | 8.7 | 40 | 17.8 |  |
Years of education | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   1 - 8 | 41 | 14.5 | 16 | 29.1 | 25 | 10.9 | 0.013 |
   9 -12 | 157 | 55.6 | 31 | 56.2 | 125 | 55.4 |  |
   13 -16 | 84 | 29.9 | 8 | 14.7 | 76 | 33.7 |  |
Knowledge about mandatory nature of health insurance in Japan | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   No | 55 | 19.6 | 24 | 43.2 | 31 | 13.8 | < 0.001 |
   Yes | 227 | 80.4 | 32 | 56.8 | 195 | 86.2 |  |
Medical background | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Visited a doctor in the last 12 months in Japanb |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
No/Have never visited a doctor in Japan | 86 | 30.9 | 34 | 60.5 | 53 | 23.5 | < 0.001 |
   Yes | 194 | 69.1 | 22 | 39.5 | 172 | 76.5 |  |
Chronic diseaseb | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   No | 238 | 84.9 | 54 | 96.6 | 184 | 82.0 | 0.016 |
   Yes | 42 | 15.1 | 2 | 3.4 | 40 | 18.0 |  |
Work related | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Working condition | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Full time | 209 | 74.1 | 43 | 76.5 | 166 | 73.4 | 0.447 |
   Part time | 16 | 5.7 | 1 | 1.8 | 15 | 6.7 |  |
   Self employed | 3 | 1.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 1.4 |  |
   Unemployed | 53 | 18.6 | 12 | 21.6 | 40 | 17.9 |  |
   Retired | 1 | 0.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.6 |  |
Employed through labor contract companyc | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   No | 58 | 25.7 | 11 | 24.8 | 47 | 27.1 | 0.852 |
   Yes | 167 | 74.3 | 33 | 75.2 | 134 | 72.9 |  |
Years employed by the current employerc | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   0 - 2 | 131 | 58.1 | 34 | 77.2 | 97 | 53.5 | 0.001 |
   3 or more | 94 | 41.9 | 10 | 22.8 | 84 | 46.5 |  |
Term of contract with employer (months)b, c | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   1 - 2 | 25 | 11.1 | 8 | 18.5 | 17 | 9.3 | 0.393 |
   3 - 6 | 73 | 32.7 | 12 | 28.4 | 61 | 33.8 |  |
   7 - 24 | 28 | 12.3 | 4 | 9.5 | 23 | 13.0 |  |
   Indefinite | 44 | 19.4 | 6 | 13.1 | 38 | 21.0 |  |
   No written contract | 55 | 24.4 | 13 | 30.5 | 41 | 23.0 |  |
Ever had a serious accident at work that forced you to see a doctorb | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   No | 247 | 88.2 | 44 | 78.7 | 203 | 90.6 | 0.020 |
   Yes | 33 | 11.8 | 12 | 21.3 | 21 | 9.4 |  |