Individual and social determinants of multiple chronic disease behavioral risk factors among youth

BMC Public Health

Table 3 Rate ratios (95% CIs) for the longitudinal associations between selected individual distal and individual ultimate variables and multiple behavioral risk factors (n = 1135), National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, 2000-2005^a

	Rate ratio^b 95% CI^c			Rate ratio^b 95% CI^c			Rate ratio^b 95% CI^c
	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
	Individual characteristics			Individual characteristics			Individual characteristics
	Ultimate			Distal			Ultimate
	Sex			Self-esteem^f	0.97	0.97, 0.98	Sex
	Female	1	Referent	Academic performance			Female	1	Referent
	Male	1.01	0.96, 1.06	Poor/very poor	1	Referent	Male	1.00	0.95, 1.05
	Age, years^d			Average	0.93	0.85, 1.01	Age, years^d
	10	1	Referent	Well	0.88	0.80, 0.96	10	1	Referent
	11	1.08	1.02, 1.15	Very well	0.88	0.79, 0.97	11	1.07	1.01, 1.13
	Anxiety^e	1.02	1.01, 1.03	Time			Anxiety^e	1.01	1.00, 1.02
	Time			1 (Cycle 4)	1	Referent	Distal
	1 (Cycle 4)	1	Referent	2 (Cycle 5)	1.08	1.03, 1.14	Self-esteem^f	0.98	0.97, 0.98
	2 (Cycle 5)	1.11	1.06, 1.17	3 (Cycle 6)	1.37	1.30, 1.44	Academic performance
	3 (Cycle 6)	1.43	1.35, 1.50	Intercept	3.38	3.00, 3.81	Poor/very poor	1	Referent
	Intercept	1.89	1.78, 2.01				Average	0.93	0.85, 1.01
							Well	0.88	0.80, 0.97
							Very well	0.88	0.79, 0.98
							Time
							1 (Cycle 4)	1	Referent
							2 (Cycle 5)	1.09	1.03, 1.14
							3 (Cycle 6)	1.37	1.30, 1.44
							Intercept	3.09	2.66, 3.60
-2 Log L^g	1335.42			1294.37			1285.03
Log L ratio^h	35.90***			76.94***			86.28***
DF	3			4			7

CI = confidence interval; DF = degrees of freedom.
^a Multiple behavioral risk factor score was the dependent variable.
^b Rate ratios from the multivariate longitudinal Poisson regression model with adjustment for all covariates in the corresponding model and time (cycles).
^c CIs were computed using bootstrap weights to account for the complex sampling design of the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth.
^d Age at baseline (Cycle 4).
^e Anxiety was assessed using a global score ranging from 0 to 14, with higher scores indicating the presence of greater anxiety.
^f Self-esteem was assessed using a global score ranging from 0 to 16, with higher scores indicating positive self-esteem.
^g-2 (log-likelihood) for the model containing each specific block of distal and/or ultimate variables. The -2 (log-likelihood) of the initial (intercept-only + time) model was 1371.31.
^h Log-likelihood ratio or change in -2 (log-likelihood) compared to the initial (intercept-only + time) model.
***p < .001.

ISSN: 1471-2458