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Table 4 Fixed Effect Estimates of Personal Household Income and State-Level SES Measures on Log(hsCRP), ICAM, and Fibrinogen

From: Cardiovascular inflammation in healthy women: multilevel associations with state-level prosperity, productivity and income inequality

Multivariable models a

(Log)hsCRP

sICAM-1

Fibrinogen

 

Effect

95% CI

Effect

95% CI

Effect

95% CI

No state-level covariates

      

Model I. Personal household income category of WHS

participant b,d

0.01

-0.005, 0.02

-0.04

-0.06, -0.03**

-0.05

-0.06, -0.03**

Wealth and Prosperity

      

Model II. State real per-capita GDP quartiles b,c,d

-0.03

-0.05, -0.004*

-0.02

-0.03, -0.002*

-0.001

-0.02, 0.02

Model III. State median household income quartiles b,c,d

-0.05

-0.07, -0.03**

-0.02

-0.03, -0.004*

-0.005

-0.02, 0.01

Economic Growth

      

Model IV. State annual growth real per-capita GDP

quartiles 1990-1996 b,c,d

0.01

-0.01, 0.04

0.01

-0.005, 0.03

-0.02

-0.04, -0.001*

Income Inequality

      

Model V. State Gini coefficient quartiles b,c,d

0.04

0.01, 0.06**

0.02

0.001, 0.03*

0.03

0.02, 0.05**

Poverty

      

Model VI. State percent poverty quartiles b,c,d

0.05

0.03, 0.07**

0.02

0.002, 0.03*

0.01

-0.003, 0.03

Labor Productivity

      

Model VII. State earnings per employee quartiles b,c,d

-0.02

-0.05, -0.001*

-0.01

-0.02, 0.01

0.01

-0.01, 0.03

  1. a All models adjust for age, race and ethnicity, obese and overweight status, smoking status, personal household income category, listed covariates and propensity score predicting obese and overweight status vs. normal weight status as a function of exercise level, average daily caloric intake, HDL, LDL, diabetes status and systolic blood pressure.
  2. b Figures are standardized fixed effect estimates obtained via the Proc Mixed procedure in SAS® version 9.2. Effects are standardized beta coefficients representing the standard deviation change in (Log)hsCRP, sICAM-1, or fibrinogen associated with a 1 standard deviation increase in the listed predictor variable.
  3. c Multi-level models II - VII include state-level data on the 50 United States plus the District of Columbia. State earnings per employee are not calculated for the District of Columbia.
  4. d Missing income values in all multivariable models are imputed using the multiple imputation procedures on the above criteria via Proc MI and Proc MIANALYZE in SAS® version 9.2.
  5. **Indicates results are statistically significant at P < 0.01.
  6. *Indicates results are statistically significant at P < 0.05.