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Table 2 Absolute and relative inequalities in cardiovascular risk factors in men (95% CIs in parentheses) by age-group

From: Persistent socioeconomic inequalities in cardiovascular risk factors in England over 1994-2008: A time-trend analysis of repeated cross-sectional data

 

Current smoking

Obesity

Diabetes

High levels of physical activity

High blood pressure (SBP ≥ 140 mmHg)

Raised cholesterol (TC ≥ 5 mmol/l)

≥ 5 portions of fruit & vegetables

16-54

       

Absolute difference

Model 1a §

       

Q1 (reference)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Q2

2.8 (1.5,4.1)

0.4 (-0.6,1.5)

0.4 (-0.2,0.9)

1.1 (-1.4,3.7)

1.0 (-0.2,2.1)

0.3 (-2.3,2.9)

-2.5 (-4.3,-0.7)

Q3

7.4 (6.0,8.7)

0.9 (-0.1,2.0)

0.3 (-0.3,0.8)

0.1 (-2.4,2.6)

1.4 (0.2,2.7)

0.5 (-2.1,3.0)

-3.1 (-4.9,-1.3)

Q4

12.8 (11.4,14.2)

3.1 (2.0,4.2)

0.5 (0.0,1.1)

-0.5 (-3.0,2.0)

0.9 (-0.3,2.2)

-0.5 (-3.1,2.1)

-2.8 (-4.7,-1.0)

Q5

20.2 (18.7,21.6)

1.9 (0.8,3.0)

1.5 (0.8,2.1)

-3.9 (-6.3,-1.4)

2.2 (0.9,3.5)

0.8 (-1.9,3.5)

-5.9 (-7.8,-4.0)

Model 2a †

5.0 (4.7,5.3)

0.7 (0.4,0.9)

0.3 (0.1,0.5)

-0.9 (-1.5,-0.3)

0.4 (0.2,0.7)

0.1 (-0.5,0.7)

-1.2 (-1.6,-0.8)

Model 3a ‡

p = 0.249

p = 0.555

p = 0.036

p = 0.340

p = 0.490

p = 0.709|

p = 0.709

Relative (PR)

Model 1b §§

       

Q1 (reference)

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Q2

1.12 (1.06,1.18)

1.03 (0.97,1.10)

1.31 (0.90,1.92)

1.03 (0.95,1.12)

1.06 (0.98,1.15)

0.97 (0.94,1.00)

0.90 (0.84,0.97)

Q3

1.31 (1.25,1.38)

1.06 (1.00,1.13)

1.22 (0.83,1.80)

1.01 (0.93,1.09)

1.09 (1.01,1.18)

0.98 (0.95,1.01)

0.87 (0.81,0.94)

Q4

1.54 (1.47,1.61)

1.20 (1.13,1.28)

1.44 (0.98,2.10)

0.99 (0.91,1.07)

1.06 (0.98,1.15)

0.96 (0.93,0.99)

0.89 (0.82,0.96)

Q5

1.84 (1.76,1.93)

1.12 (1.05,1.20)

2.19 (1.54,3.13)

0.89 (0.81,0.96)

1.16 (1.07,1.26)

0.98 (0.95,1.01)

0.76 (0.70,0.83)

Model 2b ††

1.17 (1.16,1.18)

1.04 (1.03,1.05)

1.19 (1.09,1.30)

0.97 (0.96,0.99)

1.03 (1.01,1.05)

1.00 (0.99,1.00)

0.95 (0.93,0.96)

Model 3b ‡‡

p = 0.410

p = 0.124

p = 0.214

p = 0.680

p = 0.756

p = 0.737|

p = 0.781

≥ 55 years

       

Absolute difference

Model 1a §

       

Q1 (reference)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Q2

3.0 (1.8,4.1)

3.3 (1.8,4.9)

-0.7 (-2.4,0.9)

0.2 (-2.2,2.6)

-0.9 (-3.0,1.2)

0.4 (-2.4,3.1)

0.0 (-2.3,2.3)

Q3

6.5 (5.3,7.8)

3.9 (2.3,5.5)

0.3 (-1.4,2.0)

0.1 (-2.3,2.5)

0.1 (-2.0,2.3)

-2.6 (-5.5,0.3)

-4.1 (-6.5,-1.8)

Q4

11.5 (10.1,12.9)

5.6 (3.9,7.3)

1.0 (-0.9,2.9)

-1.1 (-3.6,1.4)

1.8 (-0.5,4.0)

-6.5 (-9.6,-3.4)

-9.0 (-11.4,-6.7)

Q5

19.0 (17.5,20.5)

6.6 (4.8,8.3)

4.1 (1.9,6.3)

-6.2 (-8.6,-3.8)

4.0 (1.6,6.4)

-5.6 (-8.8,-2.3)

-13.1 (-15.5,-10.7)

Model 2a †

4.6 (4.3,4.9)

1.6 (1.2,2.0)

1.0 (0.5,1.4)

-1.3 (-1.9,-0.8)

1.0 (0.5,1.5)

-1.8 (-2.5,-1.1)

-3.5 (-4.0,-3.0)

Model 3a ‡

p = 0.716

p = 0.044

p = 0.080

p = 0.229

p = 0.294

p = 0.004

p = 0.153

Relative (PR)

Model 1b §§

       

Q1 (reference)

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Q2

1.29 (1.17,1.42)

1.16 (1.09,1.25)

0.91 (0.73,1.14)

1.01 (0.89,1.15)

0.98 (0.94,1.03)

1.00 (0.97,1.03)

1.00 (0.93,1.07)

Q3

1.62 (1.48,1.78)

1.19 (1.11,1.28)

1.04 (0.84,1.28)

1.00 (0.88,1.14)

1.00 (0.96,1.05)

0.98 (0.95,1.02)

0.88 (0.81,0.94)

Q4

2.10 (1.92,2.30)

1.27 (1.19,1.37)

1.13 (0.90,1.41)

0.94 (0.81,1.08)

1.04 (0.99,1.09)

0.94 (0.90,0.98)

0.73 (0.67,0.79)

Q5

2.81 (2.58,3.06)

1.32 (1.23,1.42)

1.52 (1.23,1.88)

0.65 (0.55,0.78)

1.09 (1.04,1.14)

0.95 (0.92,0.99)

0.60 (0.55,0.67)

Model 2b ††

1.30 (1.27,1.32)

1.07 (1.05,1.08)

1.12 (1.06,1.18)

0.92 (0.89,0.96)

1.02 (1.01,1.03)

0.98 (0.98,0.99)

0.88 (0.87,0.90)

Model 3b ‡‡

p = 0.016

p = 0.519

p = 0.394

p = 0.533

p = 0.562

p ≤ 0.001

p = 0.032

  1. PR: Prevalence ratio
  2. Q1 = most affluent; Q5 = most deprived
  3. § Model 1a: Percentage point (p.p) difference between IMD quintile and Q1 (adjusted for year and age). Linear regression model: year + age + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 + Q5
  4. † Model 2a: p.p difference for unit increase in IMD (fitted as ordinal level variable ranging from 1 to 5). Linear regression model: year + age + IMD. p from the model served as test of linear trend (statistical significance of absolute difference in p.p when moving from one ordinal category to one immediately higher). p ≤ 0.05 if the 95% CIs do not include 0
  5. ‡ Model 3a: p shown for interaction term testing change in absolute inequality over time. Linear regression model: year + age + IMD + (year × IMD). (|IMD fitted as 4 indicator variables; otherwise fitted as ordinal)
  6. §§ Model 1b: PR between IMD quintile and Q1 (adjusted for year and age). Log-binomial regression model: year + age + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 + Q5
  7. †† Model 2b: PR for unit increase in IMD (fitted as an ordinal level variable). Log-binomial regression model: year + age + IMD. p served as test for linear trend (change in PR when moving from one ordinal category to one immediately higher). p ≤ 0.05 if the 95% CIs do not include 1
  8. ‡‡ Model 3b: p shown for interaction term testing change in relative inequality over time. Log-binomial regression model: year + age + IMD + (year × IMD). (|IMD fitted as 4 indicator variables; otherwise fitted as ordinal)