| |
Ratio
|
Effort
|
Reward
|
Overcommitment
|
|---|
|
Mothers' age (yr)
|
M
|
SD
|
M
|
SD
|
M
|
SD
|
M
|
SD
|
|---|
|
< 29
|
0.73
|
0.39
|
21.06
|
7.56
|
43.15
|
7.93
|
9.57
|
2.56
|
|
30-39
|
0.77
|
0.44
|
21.60
|
7.41
|
42.26
|
8.19
|
9.71
|
2.80
|
|
40-49
|
0.74
|
0.46
|
20.32
|
8.09
|
41.95
|
8.34
|
9.08
|
2.80
|
|
50-60
|
0.72
|
0.54
|
18.77
|
9.22
|
41.83
|
9.43
|
8.83
|
2.90
|
| |
F = 1.92
|
p = .383
|
F = 9.41
|
p <.001
|
F = 1.84
|
p = .138
|
F = 13.55
|
p < .001
|
|
School education
| | | | | | | | |
|
Secondary general
|
0.77
|
0.49
|
20.69
|
8.21
|
41.01
|
8.60
|
9.44
|
2.94
|
|
Intermediate secondary
|
0.73
|
0.42
|
20.64
|
7.76
|
42.52
|
8.14
|
9.28
|
2.75
|
|
Upper secondary
|
0.75
|
0.45
|
21.53
|
7.47
|
43.09
|
8.28
|
9.50
|
2.69
|
| |
F = 2.71
|
p = .067
|
F = 3.73
|
p = .021
|
F = 16.79
|
p < .001
|
F = 1.65
|
p = .192
|
|
Per capita income
| | | | | | | | |
|
≤ 925
|
0.79
|
0.47
|
21.23
|
7.98
|
40.99
|
8.68
|
9.60
|
2.86
|
|
926-1542
|
0.74
|
0.42
|
20.94
|
7.57
|
42.22
|
8.00
|
9.36
|
2.71
|
|
≥ 1543
|
0.69
|
0.41
|
20.56
|
7.99
|
44.24
|
7.32
|
9.16
|
2.83
|
| |
F = 9.88
|
p < .001
|
F = 1.33
|
p = .264
|
F = 28.86
|
p < .001
|
F = 4.68
|
p = .009
|
|
Number of children
| | | | | | | | |
|
1
|
0.71
|
0.44
|
20.08
|
7.88
|
42.86
|
8.28
|
9.20
|
2.82
|
|
2
|
0.77
|
0.46
|
21.30
|
7.70
|
41.93
|
8.27
|
9.50
|
2.72
|
|
>2
|
0.80
|
0.43
|
21.80
|
7.85
|
41.27
|
8.48
|
9.59
|
2.99
|
| |
F = 8.58
|
p < .001
|
F = 11.44
|
p < .001
|
F = 7.07
|
p < .001
|
F = 4.75
|
p = .009
|
|
Age of youngest child (yr)
| | | | | | | | |
|
0-2
|
0.73
|
0.37
|
21.70
|
6.75
|
43.54
|
7.36
|
9.52
|
2.62
|
|
3-5
|
0.80
|
0.45
|
22.47
|
7.60
|
42.43
|
7.90
|
9.98
|
2.76
|
|
6-11
|
0.76
|
0.41
|
21.42
|
7.66
|
42.12
|
8.04
|
9.49
|
2.81
|
|
12-15
|
0.75
|
0.52
|
19.83
|
8.45
|
41.28
|
8.98
|
9.10
|
2.90
|
|
16-18
|
0.68
|
0.46
|
18.36
|
7.83
|
42.13
|
8.71
|
8.79
|
2.73
|
| |
F = 4.48
|
p < .001
|
F = 22.87
|
p < .001
|
F = 5.54
|
p < .001
|
F = 13.32
|
p < .001
|
|
Single motherhood
1
| | | | | | | | |
|
Yes
|
0.84
|
0.53
|
21.81
|
8.47
|
29.50
|
6.67
|
9.77
|
2.95
|
|
No
|
0.73
|
0.44
|
20.73
|
7.68
|
31.28
|
5.72
|
9.32
|
2.77
|
| |
F = 24.87
|
p < .001
|
F = 8.31
|
p=.004
|
F = 38.70
|
p < .001
|
F = 11.37
|
p = .001
|
|
Employment status
| | | | | | | | |
|
Housewife
|
0.71
|
0.44
|
19.74
|
7.54
|
42.10
|
7.91
|
9.12
|
2.78
|
|
Unemployed
|
0.76
|
0.41
|
20.59
|
7.68
|
40.11
|
8.36
|
9.73
|
2.87
|
|
Work ≤ 19 hours/week
|
0.76
|
0.45
|
20.56
|
7.86
|
41.18
|
8.56
|
9.37
|
2.84
|
|
Work 20-37 hours/week
|
0.76
|
0.43
|
21.38
|
7.72
|
42.34
|
8.17
|
9.43
|
2.78
|
|
Work ≥ 38 hours/week
|
0.72
|
0.45
|
20.92
|
8.21
|
43.88
|
7.98
|
9.41
|
2.83
|
| |
F = 2.04
|
p = .058
|
F = 3.09
|
p = .005
|
F = 7.58
|
p < .001
|
F = 1.01
|
p = .416
|
|
Division of housework
2
| | | | | | | | |
|
Mainly woman
|
0.79
|
0.44
|
21.60
|
7.64
|
41.25
|
8.06
|
9.56
|
2.77
|
|
Woman and man alike
|
0.57
|
0.31
|
18.13
|
7.21
|
46.39
|
6.50
|
8.63
|
2.61
|
| |
F = 133.73
|
p < .001
|
F = 99.59
|
p < .001
|
F = 208.01
|
p < .001
|
F = 54.10
|
p < .001
|
|
Spillover work to family
3
| | | | | | | | |
|
No spillover
|
0.64
|
0.40
|
18.36
|
7.41
|
43.51
|
7.98
|
8.74
|
2.74
|
|
Moderate
|
0.76
|
0.36
|
21.60
|
6.77
|
42.91
|
7.58
|
9.55
|
2.58
|
|
Marked
|
1.13
|
0.53
|
28.00
|
6.43
|
37.70
|
8.92
|
11.32
|
2.49
|
| |
F = 272.85
|
p < .001
|
F = 362.55
|
p < .001
|
F = 100.41
|
p < .001
|
F = 186.70
|
p < .001
|
- Notes: To give a better understanding different to Table 2 and 3 reward items are coded in such a way that low values indicate low reward, while high values mean high reward. 1 The subscale 'recognition from the spouse' is not applicable to single mothers. Thus here, the scale 'reward' only comprises the remaining three subscales 'affection from the child', 'societal esteem' and 'intrinsic value'. The comparative analysis with partnered mothers has also been carried out with the reduced reward scale. 2Categories 'mainly man' and 'other persons' have been neglected due to small number of valid cases (see Table 1), single mothers were excluded from calculation. 3Women not working were assigned to the group 'no spillover'. M = Mean Value, SD = Standard deviation.
