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Table 4 Health outcomes* for females related to caregiver status 2009 (adjusted Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals)**

From: Physical and mental health among caregivers: findings from a cross-sectional study of Open University students in Thailand

Participant characteristics Poor self-assessed health Lower back pain Psychological distress
Females (n=33162) (n=28266)** (n=28000) (n=27651)
Caregiver status
  Non caregiver 1.00 1.00 1.00
  Part-time caregiver 1.21 [1.10-1.35] 1.47 [1.30-1.70] 1.32 [1.18-1.48]
  Full-time caregiver 1.34 [1.11-1.61] 1.84 [1.49-2.27] 1.52 [1.25-1.83]
Demographic characteristics
  Age (year)
   20-29 1.07 [0.88-1.30] 0.97 [0.77-1.23] 1.81 [1.44-2.27]
   30-44 1.24 [1.05-1.47] 0.93 [0.76-1.14] 1.40 [1.13-1.73]
   45+ 1.00 1.00 1.00
  Marital status
   Married 1.00 1.00 1.00
   Never married 1.06 [0.96-1.18] 0.78 [0.68-0.90] 1.21 [1.09-1.36]
   Separated, divorced, widowed 1.38 [1.17-1.63] 1.05 [0.85-1.31] 1.97 [1.67-2.33]
Socio-geographic characteristics
  Household monthly income (Baht)
   <10,000 1.26 [1.06-1.50] 1.76 [1.42-1.20] 2.16 [1.77-2.63]
   10,000-19,999 1.18 [1.01-1.38] 1.31 [1.06-1.62] 1.78 [1.47-2.14]
   20,000-30,000 1.15 [1.00-1.33] 1.14 [0.93-1.39] 1.54 [1.29-1.84]
   >30,000 1.00 1.00 1.00
  Work status
   Doing paid work 1.00 1.00 1.00
   Unpaid family workers 0.94 [0.78-1.12] 1.26 [1.02-1.54] 1.05 [0.88-1.26]
   Seeking work 1.43 [1.04-1.96] 1.58 [1.10-2.26] 2.36 [1.83-3.06]
   Others 1.16 [1.01-1.33] 1.48 [1.26-1.74] 1.20 [1.05-1.38]
  Geographical residence
   Rural residence 1.00 1.00 1.00
   Urban residence 1.24 [1.12-1.31] 1.05 [0.93-1.19] 1.13 [1.02-1.25]
Health-risk behaviours
  Regular smokers - no 1.00 1.00 1.00
  Regular smokers - yes 2.26 [1.43-3.55] 1.77 [0.95-3.32] 1.29 [1.44-3.65]
  Regular alcohol drinkers - no 1.00 1.00 1.00
  Regular alcohol drinkers - yes 1.12 [0.93-1.35] 1.37[1.10-1.70] 1.20 [1.01-1.46]
  Body Mass Index
   Underweight 1.02 [0.88-1.19] 0.90 [0.88-1.19] 1.03 [0.89-1.20]
   Normal 1.00 1.00 1.00
   Overweight at risk 1.27 [1.10-1.46] 1.28 [1.07-1.52] 1.24 [1.07-1.44]
   Obese 1.54 [1.36-1.74] 1.58 [1.35-1.85] 1.21 [1.05-1.39]
  1. *self-assessed health: ‘poor or very poor’; lower back pain: limits daily activity > 1 day; Kessler 6: score ≥ 13.
  2. **multivariate analyses (numbers varied for each outcome): logistic regression included all attributes listed in Table.
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