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Table 4 Health outcomes* for females related to caregiver status 2009 (adjusted Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals)**

From: Physical and mental health among caregivers: findings from a cross-sectional study of Open University students in Thailand

Participant characteristics

Poor self-assessed health

Lower back pain

Psychological distress

Females (n=33162)

(n=28266)**

(n=28000)

(n=27651)

Caregiver status

  Non caregiver

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Part-time caregiver

1.21 [1.10-1.35]

1.47 [1.30-1.70]

1.32 [1.18-1.48]

  Full-time caregiver

1.34 [1.11-1.61]

1.84 [1.49-2.27]

1.52 [1.25-1.83]

Demographic characteristics

  Age (year)

   20-29

1.07 [0.88-1.30]

0.97 [0.77-1.23]

1.81 [1.44-2.27]

   30-44

1.24 [1.05-1.47]

0.93 [0.76-1.14]

1.40 [1.13-1.73]

   45+

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Marital status

   Married

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Never married

1.06 [0.96-1.18]

0.78 [0.68-0.90]

1.21 [1.09-1.36]

   Separated, divorced, widowed

1.38 [1.17-1.63]

1.05 [0.85-1.31]

1.97 [1.67-2.33]

Socio-geographic characteristics

  Household monthly income (Baht)

   <10,000

1.26 [1.06-1.50]

1.76 [1.42-1.20]

2.16 [1.77-2.63]

   10,000-19,999

1.18 [1.01-1.38]

1.31 [1.06-1.62]

1.78 [1.47-2.14]

   20,000-30,000

1.15 [1.00-1.33]

1.14 [0.93-1.39]

1.54 [1.29-1.84]

   >30,000

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Work status

   Doing paid work

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Unpaid family workers

0.94 [0.78-1.12]

1.26 [1.02-1.54]

1.05 [0.88-1.26]

   Seeking work

1.43 [1.04-1.96]

1.58 [1.10-2.26]

2.36 [1.83-3.06]

   Others

1.16 [1.01-1.33]

1.48 [1.26-1.74]

1.20 [1.05-1.38]

  Geographical residence

   Rural residence

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Urban residence

1.24 [1.12-1.31]

1.05 [0.93-1.19]

1.13 [1.02-1.25]

Health-risk behaviours

  Regular smokers - no

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Regular smokers - yes

2.26 [1.43-3.55]

1.77 [0.95-3.32]

1.29 [1.44-3.65]

  Regular alcohol drinkers - no

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Regular alcohol drinkers - yes

1.12 [0.93-1.35]

1.37[1.10-1.70]

1.20 [1.01-1.46]

  Body Mass Index

   Underweight

1.02 [0.88-1.19]

0.90 [0.88-1.19]

1.03 [0.89-1.20]

   Normal

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Overweight at risk

1.27 [1.10-1.46]

1.28 [1.07-1.52]

1.24 [1.07-1.44]

   Obese

1.54 [1.36-1.74]

1.58 [1.35-1.85]

1.21 [1.05-1.39]

  1. *self-assessed health: ‘poor or very poor’; lower back pain: limits daily activity > 1 day; Kessler 6: score ≥ 13.
  2. **multivariate analyses (numbers varied for each outcome): logistic regression included all attributes listed in Table.