Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants without diabetes, stratified by psychological distress
psychological distress | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | High [4,021] | Low [5,493] | Test-value1 | p-value | |||||
N | %/m | n/SD | %/m | n/SD | %/m | n/SD | |||
Sociodemographic factors | |||||||||
Age [years] | 9,514 | 43.8 | 18.1 | 44.5 | 18.0 | 43.4 | 18.2 | 8.81 | 0.003 |
Sex [female] | 9,514 | 54% | 5,100 | 60% | 2,417 | 49% | 2,683 | 118.5 | <0.001 |
Marital status [married] | 9,502 | 59% | 5,639 | 58% | 2331 | 60% | 3,308 | 5.00 | 0.025 |
Professional education | 9,497 | 44.5 | <0.001 | ||||||
Lower education | 33% | 3,101 | 36% | 1,460 | 29% | 1,641 | |||
Medium education | 33% | 3,119 | 32% | 1,267 | 34% | 1,852 | |||
Higher education | 35% | 3,277 | 32% | 1,289 | 36% | 1,998 | |||
Race/ethnicity [non-white] | 9,503 | 4% | 352 | 4% | 171 | 3% | 181 | 5.94 | 0.015 |
Annual household income | 9,514 | 73.9 | <0.001 | ||||||
<15,000 £ | 44% | 4,209 | 49% | 1,979 | 41% | 2,230 | |||
15,000-<35,000 £ | 46% | 4,358 | 42% | 1,705 | 48% | 2,653 | |||
≥35,000 £ | 10% | 947 | 8% | 337 | 11% | 610 | |||
Health | |||||||||
Energy | 9,455 | 393.2 | <0.001 | ||||||
More energetic | 32% | 2,987 | 25% | 996 | 36% | 1,991 | |||
About the same | 54% | 5,124 | 53% | 2,109 | 55% | 3,015 | |||
Less energetic | 14% | 1,344 | 22% | 878 | 9% | 446 | |||
Health status | 9,508 | 13% | 1,200 | 19% | 777 | 8% | 423 | 284.1 | <0.001 |
One/some health problems of which: | 9,486 | 52% | 4,960 | 59% | 2,375 | 47% | 2585 | 134.1 | <0.001 |
Heart/blood pressure | 11% | 1,076 | 13% | 538 | 10% | 538 | 29.7 | <0.001 | |
Breathing problems, asthma, bronchitis | 10% | 963 | 13% | 507 | 8% | 456 | 47.3 | <0.001 | |
Skin conditions/allergies | 11% | 1,001 | 12% | 488 | 9% | 513 | 19.3 | <0.001 | |
Stomach/liver/kidneys | 6% | 524 | 7% | 295 | 4% | 229 | 44.71 | <0.001 | |
Problems with arms, legs, etc. | 23% | 2,138 | 27% | 1,102 | 19% | 1,036 | 97.2 | <0.001 | |
Difficulty in seeing | 7% | 656 | 9% | 348 | 6% | 308 | 33.54 | <0.001 | |
Difficulty in hearing | 7% | 698 | 8% | 313 | 7% | 385 | 2.04 | 0.153 | |
Migraine or frequent headaches | 8% | 760 | 10% | 414 | 6% | 346 | 50.4 | <0.001 | |
Anxiety, depression, psych. problems | 9,486 | 5% | 473 | 10% | 390 | 2% | 83 | 329.3 | <0.001 |
Lifestyle | |||||||||
Leisure time activity 2 | 6,906 | 37.0 | <0.001 | ||||||
Active | 52% | 3,609 | 50% | 1,441 | 54% | 2,168 | |||
Moderately active | 20% | 1,391 | 19% | 548 | 21% | 843 | |||
Inactive/sedentary | 28% | 1,906 | 31% | 912 | 25% | 994 | |||
Smoking | 9,506 | 30% | 2,856 | 33% | 1,331 | 28% | 1,525 | 31.5 | <0.001 |
BMI [kg/m2] 2 | 4,933 | 26.4 | 4.7 | 26.3 | 4.9 | 26.4 | 4.6 | 0.019 | 0.889 |
BMI categories 2 | 4,933 | ||||||||
Underweight < 18.5 | 1% | 69 | 2% | 31 | 1% | 38 | 7.28 | 0.064 | |
Normal weight 18.5 - 24.9 | 42% | 2,077 | 44% | 898 | 41% | 1,179 | |||
Overweight 25.0 - 29.9 | 38% | 1,868 | 36% | 731 | 39% | 1,137 | |||
Obese ≥ 30.0 | 19% | 919 | 19% | 385 | 19% | 534 | |||