Bailey 1983[48]
|
101 pregnant women aged 15–41 years
|
1. Standard WIC program- Monthly vouchers for specified quantities of milk, canned fish, carrots, cereal, cheese, eggs. 6 monthly nutrition education and health care referrals n=43
|
Controlled before and after study
|
Serum iron, vitamin B6, folic acid,
|
12 weeks
|
High
|
WIC clinic and hospital prenatal clinic, Florida, USA
|
WIC and control participants recruited from different prenatal clinics at 30 weeks gestation
| | |
Red cell folate
| | |
| |
2. Routine antenatal care through hospital clinic n=58
|
Follow-up period 12 weeks
|
Dietary iron, vitamin B6, and folic acid
| | |
| | | |
Birth weight
| | |
| | | |
% Low birth weight
| | |
Metcoff 1985[42]
|
824 pregnant women stratified by predicted birth weight; all WIC eligible
|
1.Standard WIC program with research assessments and routine prenatal care n=238
|
Randomised controlled trial
|
Birth weight
|
~21 weeks
|
High
|
| | | |
Plasma B-carotene
| | |
Hospital prenatal clinic, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | | |
Maternal weight
| | |
|
All participants recruited from same hospital prenatal clinic
|
2. Routine prenatal care with research assessments n=172
|
Follow-up period 24 weeks
|
Plasma amino acids
| | |
| |
3. Routine prenatal care n=353
| | | | |
Caan 1987[38]
|
703 post-partum women- all WIC participants prenatally
|
1. Standard WIC program maintained for 6 months post-partum for non-lactating women n=333
|
Controlled before and after study
|
Birth weight
|
6 months
|
High
|
| | | |
Low birth weight
| | |
| | | |
Macrosomia
| | |
48 local WIC agencies, California, USA
|
All WIC participants prenatally, divided into control &intervention groups retrospectively based on WIC benefits post-partum
|
2. Standard WIC entitlement for 0–2 months post-partum n=309
| |
Maternal Hb
| | |
| | |
Follow-up period-duration of prenatal care in second pregnancy
|
Maternal BMI
| | |
Rush 1988a[44]
|
11,154,673 pregnant women from 1392 US counties in 19 states
|
1. Standard WIC program
|
Interrupted time series
|
Birth weight
|
Duration of prenatal WIC participation
|
Low
|
| | | |
Duration of gestation
| | |
National sample of counties, USA
|
WIC participants increased over time from 0 to 39% from government reports
| |
Follow-up period 1972-1981
|
Fetal mortality (>28 weeks)
| | |
| | | |
Infant mortality rate
| | |
| | | |
Inadequate prenatal care
| | |
Rush 1988b&c[45, 47]
|
6563 pregnant women, all WIC eligible by income
|
1. Standard WIC program and research assessments n=5205
|
Controlled before and after study
|
Nutrient intake
|
Duration of prenatal WIC participation
|
High
|
174 WIC clinics and 55 prenatal clinics, national sample, USA
|
WIC participants recruited at WIC clinics, controls recruited at public prenatal clinics in counties with low WIC coverage
|
2. Routine antenatal care and research assessments n=1358
|
Follow-up period 6–9 months
| | | |
| | | |
Mean nutrient intake % RDA
| | |
| | | |
Anthropometry
| | |
| | | |
Duration of gestation
| | |
| | | |
Birth weight
| | |
| | | |
Fetal mortality
| | |
Rush 1988c&d[45, 46]
|
5004 pregnant women, mean age 22.4 years
|
1. Standard WIC program n=4219
|
Controlled before and after study
|
Family food expenditure
|
Duration of prenatal WIC participation
|
High
|
174 WIC clinics and 55 prenatal clinics, national sample, USA
| |
2. Routine antenatal care n=785
| |
Family grocery expenditure
| | |
|
WIC participants recruited at WIC clinics, controls recruited at public prenatal clinics in counties with low WIC coverage
|
A subset of women were asked to complete a food diary at follow-up: WIC n=1031, Control n=551
|
Follow-up period 6–9 months
|
Family meals out expenditure
| | |
Gunnell 2000[39]
|
1089 children aged 2–14 years, mean age 8 years
|
1. Daily school feeding soup/milk, halibut oil capsules, oranges or milk and marmite n=298
|
Controlled before and after study
|
Height
|
12 months
|
Moderate
|
| | | |
Leg length
| | |
8 rural and urban locations in Scotland and England, UK
|
Disadvantaged families selected and divided into intervention and control groups arbitrarily
| | | | | |
| |
2. Family food packages weekly-milk, cheese, wheat germ, marmite, oranges, cod liver oil, eggs n=269
|
Follow-up period 13 months for children′s growth and 60 years for mortality
|
Mortality
| | |
|
School in adjacent areas were also selected as intervention and controls non-randomly
|
3. No food subsidy- control families n=261
| | | | |
| |
4. No food subsidy- control schools n=258
| | | | |
Pehrsson 2001[43]
|
110 post-partum non-lactating females >18 years old, all WIC participants prenatally
|
1. Standard WIC program for 6 months post-partum n=57
|
Controlled before and after study
|
Haemoglobin
|
6 months
|
Low
|
| | | |
Transferrin receptor
| | |
Urban WIC clinics, Maryland, USA
|
Participants recruited at WIC clinics in different counties
|
2. Standard WIC program for 0–2 months post-partum n=53
|
Follow-up period 6 months
|
Anaemia %
| | |
| | | |
Ferritin
| | |
Burr 2007[37]
|
190 pregnant females aged >=17 yo
|
1. Vouchers for free 2L fruit juice weekly (home delivery) n=63
|
Randomised controlled trial
|
Frequency of specific fruit consumption
|
Throughout prenatal care period (~30 weeks)
|
High
|
District hospital prenatal clinic, Wales, UK (disadvantaged area)
|
All participants recruited from one hospital prenatal clinic at booking visit
|
2. Advice/written information from midwives to promote fruit intake during pregnancy n=63
|
Follow-up period 30 weeks
|
Serum β-carotene
| | |
| |
3. Routine antenatal care n=64
| | | | |
Herman 2006 & 2008[32, 40]
|
602 post-partum women >18yo- all WIC participants
|
1. $10 voucher weekly for F&V at local supermarket plus standard WIC program n=200
|
Controlled before and after study
|
F&V intake
|
6 months
|
High
|
3 WIC clinics, Los Angeles, California, USA
|
Intervention and control participants recruited at three separate WIC clinics with similar socio-demographics
|
2. $10 voucher weekly for F&V at local farmers market plus standard WIC program n=200
|
Follow-up period 1 year
| | | |
| |
3. Standard WIC program n=202
| | | | |
Currie 2008[49]
|
All pregnant Californian women 1961–1974 n=4864673
|
1. Standard Food Stamp Program- monthly food vouchers for any foods up to $200/person/month dependent on income and household size
|
Interrupted time series
|
Median birthweight
|
Duration of prenatal FSP participation
|
Low
|
| | | |
Low birthweight rate
| | |
California, USA
|
Food stamp participation rates by county used to calculate impacts
| |
Follow-up period 1961-1974
|
Probability of birthweight <specified cut-off
| | |
Hoynes 2009[18]
|
28,000,000 pregnant women in the 2059 US counties with a WIC program by 1979 (85% of US births in the 1970s)
|
1. Standard WIC program
|
Interrupted time series
|
Birth weight
|
Duration of prenatal WIC enrolment
|
Low
|
National sample of counties, USA
| | |
Follow-up period
|
% Low birth weight
| | |
|
WIC participation estimated from government reports
| |
1971-75 & 1978-82
| | | |
Kennedy 2009[41]
|
40 African-American women aged >18yrs, non-pregnant
|
1. F&V $10/week with recipes from mobile store at community centre, monthly nutrition education, cooking demonstrations and anthropometric assessment n=20
|
Randomised controlled trial
|
Fruit and vegetable consumption
|
6 months
|
High
|
Community centre, East Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
|
Participants recruited by local community advertising and personal communication
|
2. Monthly anthropometric assessment and written nutrition education n=20
|
Follow-up period 6 months
|
Weight
| | |
| | | |
BMI
| | |
| | | |
BP
| | |
| | | |
Quality of life
| | |
| | | |
General and emotional health
| | |
Ni Mhurchu 2010[30]
|
1104 adult >18 years, main household shopper, 86% female
|
1. Tailored nutrition education– computer-generated messages and shopping lists plus generic recipes monthly by mail n=274
|
Randomised controlled trial
|
Total food purchased
|
6 months
|
Low
|
8 supermarkets in Wellington, Wanganui and New Plymouth, NZ
| | |
Follow-up period
|
Healthy food purchased
| | |
|
Participants recruited by mail invitation, supermarket advertisements and community group promotion (for Maori and Pacific communities)
|
2. Price discount of 12.5% on healthy foods applied automatically at check-out n=275
| | | | |
| | |
15 months
|
Less healthy food purchased
| | |
| | | |
F&V purchased
| | |
| |
3. Price discount plus tailored nutrition education n=277
| |
Macronutrients purchased
| | |
| |
4. Control n=278
| | | | |