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Table 2 Adjusted associations between maternal ethnic background and maternal-reported Total Problems

From: Differences in problem behaviour among ethnic minority and majority preschoolers in the Netherlands and the role of family functioning and parenting factors as mediators: the Generation R Study

Maternal ethnic background

Model 1

Model 2

% changea

Model 3

% changeb

Model 4

% changeb

Model 5

% changeb

Model 6

% changeb

Model 7

% changeb

Model 8

% changeb

Dutch N=3105

1.0

1.0

 

1.0

   

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

European other N=397

2.4

2.2

 

2.0

 

2.0

 

2.1

 

1.9

 

2.0

 

1.5

 

(1.6; 3.7)

(1.5: 3.5)

−14.4%*

(1.3; 3.0)

−22.2%*

(1.3; 3.1)

−22.2%*

(1.4; 3.3)

−10.1%*

(1.2; 3.0)

−26.4%*

(1.3; 3.1)

−19.5%*

(1.0; 2.4)

−55.5%*

Antillean N=78

4.2

2.6

 

2.5

 

2.6

 

2.6

 

2.5

 

2.3

 

2.1

 

(2.1; 8.4)

(1.2; 5.5)

−49.1%*

(1.2; 5.2)

−10.1%

(1.2; 5.6)

+0.2%

(1.2; 5.4)

−3.3%

(1.1; 5.4)

−9.1%

(1.1; 4.9)

−19.5%

(1.0; 4.7)

−29.4%

Cape Verdean N=94

5.1

2.9

 

2.4

 

2.7

 

2.5

 

3.0

 

2.6

 

2.3

 

(2.8; 9.4)

(1.5: 5.6)

−54.4%*

(1.2; 4.8)

−23.3%

(1.4; 5.3)

−5.8%

(1.3; 4.9)

−20.3%*

(1.5; 5.9)

+4.7%

(1.3; 5.1)

−15.1%

(1.1; 4.6)

−30.3%

Moroccan N=155

3.8

2.4

 

1.9

 

2.0

 

2.2

 

2.3

 

2.4

 

1.8

 

(2.2; 6.5)

(1.3; 4.4)

−49.2%*

(1.0; 3.4)

−39.8%*

(1.1; 3.8)

−22.0%*

(1.2; 3.9)

−18.3%*

(1.2; 4.2)

−9.9%

(1.3; 4.3)

−4.1%

(1.0; 3.4)

−43.8%*

Surinamese Creole N=78

1.9

1.2

 

1.2

 

1.3

 

1.1

 

1.3

 

1.1

 

1.1

 

(0.8; 4.9)

(0.5; 3.2)

−77.2%

(0.4; 3.2)

+8.8%

(0.5; 3.6)

+60.2%

(0.4; 3.0)

−38.9%

(0.5; 3.4)

+24.3

(0.4; 2.9)

−67.7%

(0.4; 2.9)

−73.9%

Surinamese Hindu N=85

6.8

4.7

 

4.2

 

3.9

 

3.9

 

4.6

 

4.0

 

3.3

 

(3.7; 12.3)

(2.5; 8.8)

−35.8%*

(2.2: 8.0)

−14.0%

(2.0; 5.6)

−19.7%*

(2.1; 7.5)

−20.5%*

(2.4; 8.9)

−2.5%

(2.1; 7.6)

−20.7%*

(1.7; 6.6)

−37.3%*

Turkish N=290

7.0

4.2

 

3.2

 

3.1

 

3.9

 

3.1

 

4.2

 

2.6

 

(4.9; 10.1)

(2.7; 6.6)

−46.4%*

(2.0; 5.0)

−32.4%*

(2.0; 4.9)

−31.5%*

(2.5; 6.1)

−10.1%*

(2.0; 4.9)

−35.1%*

(2.6; 6.5)

−2.7%

(1.6; 4.1)

−51.3%*

  1. Table based on imputed dataset.
  2. Values are OR (95% CI) derived from logistic regression models modelling maternal ethnic background as the determinant and maternal-reported Total Problems as the outcome variable.
  3. Model 1: Basic model adjusted for child gestational age, birth weight, age, gender.
  4. Model 2: Model 1+ maternal age, maternal marital status, maternal educational level, parity and family income.
  5. Model 3: Model 2 + prenatal maternal psychopathology.
  6. Model 4: Model 2 + postnatal maternal psychopathology.
  7. Model 5: Model 2+ prenatal family functioning.
  8. Model 6: Model 2+ parenting stress.
  9. Model 7: Model 2 + paternal harsh parenting.
  10. Model 8: Fully adjusted model.
  11. a Change in odds ratio relative to model 1 for non-Dutch ethnic groups versus Dutch reference group (100 * [ORmodel 1+mediator– ORmodel 1] / [ORmodel 1 -1])).
  12. b Change in odds ratio relative to model 2 for non-Dutch ethnic groups versus Dutch reference group after individual adjustment (models 3–7) or full adjustment
  13. (model 8) for family functioning and parenting factors (100 * [ORmodel 2+mediator– ORmodel 2] / [ORmodel 2 -1])).
  14. * p <0.05 indicates a significant change in odds ratio after adding variable(s) to model 1 or model 2 calculated with a bootstrap analysis.
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