Effectiveness of using group visit model to support diabetes patient self-management in rural communities of Shanghai: a randomized controlled trial

Table 5 12-month changes for intervention and control patients: self-management behavior, self-efficacy and health status

Variable	Mean ± SD		P-value^a
	Intervention (n = 98)	Control (n = 78)
Self-management behavior
Aerobic exercise (minutes/week)	23.11 ± 176.71	−18.27 ± 156.22	0.001
Eating fatty foods (grams per day)	−0.06 ±15.76	0.92 ±6.60	0.14
Eating fruits (pieces per day)	0.12 ± 0.61	0.16 ± 0.91	0.51
Eating vegetables (grams per day)	22.94 ± 154.43	−10.26 ± 165.75	0.60
Cognitive symptom management^b	0.37 ± 1.06	0.03 ± 1.16	0.10
Communication with medical doctor^b	0.41 ± 1.54	0.22 ± 1.09	0.97
Examining feet (times per week)	0.46 ± 2.08	0.45 ± 2.86	0.76
Self-efficacy to manage diabetes ^c	0.18 ± 2.24	−0.53 ± 1.96	0.02
Health status
Self-rated health^d	−0.04 ± 0.82	0.12 ± 0.70	0.10
Energy^b	−0.16 ± 1.18	−0.07 ± 1.01	0.20
Health distress^e	0.04 ± 1.26	0.14 ± 1.07	0.78
Fatigue^f	0.45 ± 2.49	0.35 ± 2.30	0.39
Illness intrusiveness^g	2.50 ± 15.68	6.81 ± 18.20	0.001
Depression^h	4.49 ± 4.99	3.92 ± 5.01	0.43
BMI	0.06 ± 1.14	0.28 ± 1.26	0.22
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	1.48 ± 12.03	5.20 ± 12.34	0.04
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	1.45 ± 8.86	2.65 ± 7.72	0.54

^a Analysis of covariance on 12-month post-test scores controlling for the baseline value of study variables, age, sex, education, marital status, hypertension, and baseline number of fatigue and illness intrusiveness (two-tailed P-values).
^b 0–5 increase = improvement.
^c 1–10 increase = improvement.
^d 1–5 decrease = improvement.
^e 0–5 decrease = improvement.
^f 0–10 decrease = improvement.
^g 13–91 decrease = improvement.
^h 0–30 decrease = improvement.

ISSN: 1471-2458