Effectiveness of using group visit model to support diabetes patient self-management in rural communities of Shanghai: a randomized controlled trial

Table 4 Baseline for intervention and control patients: self-management behavior, self-efficacy and health status

Variable	Mean ± SD		P-value^a
	Intervention (n = 119)	Control (n = 89)
Self-management behavior
Aerobic exercise (minutes/week)	153.78 ± 154.93	129.10 ± 125.98	0.48
Eating fatty foods (grams per day)	179.54±130.50	177.18 ±133.05	0.12
Eating fruits (pieces per day)	0.83 ± 0.61	0.78 ± 0.73	0.17
Eating vegetables (grams per day)	221.40 ± 117.82	210.67 ± 138.57	0.38
Cognitive symptom management^b	0.78 ± 0.81	0.95 ± 0.88	0.14
Communication with medical doctor^b	1.90 ± 1.24	1.69 ± 0.97	0.40
Examining feet (times per week)	1.05 ± 1.93	1.09 ± 2.22	0.21
Self-efficacy to manage diabetes ^c	8.03 ± 1.95	8.10 ± 1.88	0.89
Health status
Self-rated health^d	3.69 ± 0.71	3.78 ± 0.54	0.54
Energy^b	2.61 ± 0.94	2.62 ± 0.81	0.73
Health distress^e	0.96 ± 1.03	0.90 ± 0.93	0.95
Fatigue^f	2.79 ± 2.16	3.43 ± 1.86	0.01
Illness intrusiveness^g	25.34 ± 12.76	30.60 ± 16.37	0.03
Depression^h	6.87 ± 4.52	7.60 ± 4.64	0.40
BMI	23.96 ± 3.28	23.72 ± 3.01	0.59
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	129.90 ± 11.39	128.83 ± 11.74	0.51
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	78.49 ± 7.03	77.97 ± 6.31	0.96

^a Mann–Whitney U-test was used to compare baseline variables between intervention and control groups (two-tailed P-values).
^b 0–5 increase = improvement.
^c 1–10 increase = improvement.
^d 1–5 decrease = improvement.
^e 0–5 decrease = improvement.
^f 0–10 decrease = improvement.
^g 13–91 decrease = improvement.
^h 0–30 decrease = improvement.

ISSN: 1471-2458