Local social environmental factors are associated with household food insecurity in a longitudinal study of children

Table 2 GEE multivariable logistic regression model to measure the adjusted association between place and food insecurity among households with children participating in the QLSCD, 2002 – 2008 (n = 1746)

Variables included in the model	Adjusted odds ratio	95% Confidence limits
Time 1 (child 4 y, 2002)	Ref	Ref
Time 2 (child 8 y, 2006)	0.83	0.64 – 1.08
Time 3 (child 10 y, 2008)	0.77	0.58 – 1.02
Place factors
Materially deprived	1.12	0.81 – 1.54
Socially deprived	1.62	1.16 – 2.26 **
Low social cohesion	1.45	1.10 -1.92 **
High disorder	1.76	1.37 – 2.27***
Living location
Rural/small town	0.88	0.59 – 1.31
CA (semi-urban)	0.93	0.59 -1.46
CMA (urban)	Ref	Ref
Other explanatory variables
Number of people in household	1.26	1.07 – 1.48**
SES (tertiles)
Low	8.45	5.05 – 14.12***
Medium	3.51	2.10 – 5.86***
High	Ref	Ref
Single parent family	2.49	1.69 – 3.67***
At least one person smokes in the household	1.17	0.86 – 1.58
Mother is an immigrant	1.37	0.82 – 2.29
Age of the mother	1.00	0.97 – 1.03

* P ≤ 0.05, ** P ≤ 0.01, *** P ≤ 0.0001.
GEE – generalized estimating equations; QLSCD – Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development; Ref – reference group; CA – census agglomeration; CMA – census metropolitan area; SES – socioeconomic status.

ISSN: 1471-2458