The excess mortality risk of diabetes associated with functional decline in older adults: Results from a 7-year follow-up of a nationwide cohort in Taiwan

Table 2 Baseline health-related characteristics by functional status for participants with and without diabetes

	No history of diagnosed diabetes (N = 1587)				History of diagnosed diabetes (N = 286)
	Functional Status				Functional Status
	High	Middle	Low	P-value*	High	Middle	Low	P-value*
N	801	682	104		93	154	39
Age (years; mean ± SE)	71.3 ± 0.17	74.2 ± 0.22	79.1 ± 0.71	< 0.001	71.4 ± 0.51	72.8 ± 0.44	78.3 ± 1.27	< 0.001
Sex (% female)	37.8	60.4	55.8	< 0.001	39.8	48.1	71.8	0.003
Education (years; mean ± SE)	5.6 ± 0.17	4.2 ± 0.18	3.8 ± 0.47	< 0.001	5.9 ± 0.53	5.1 ± 0.42	2.8 ± 0.62	0.006
Marital status (%married or living with partner)	72.8	62.5	55.8	< 0.001	69.9	66.9	41.0	0.004
Smoking status (%current)	25.1	15.1	8.7	< 0.001	25.8	15.6	7.7	0.026
Heart disease (% yes)	16.8	26.2	28.8	< 0.001	23.7	36.4	41.0	0.060
Hypertension (% yes)	32.7	40.6	52.0	< 0.001	46.2	55.6	53.8	0.356
Stroke (% yes)	2.4	5.6	42.7	< 0.001	2.2	15.1	41.0	< 0.001
Number of other conditions^† (%)
0	59.3	47.1	29.7	< 0.001	47.3	30.4	25.6	0.007
1	30.3	35.5	28.7		34.1	36.5	28.2
≥2	10.4	17.3	41.6		18.7	33.1	46.2
Duration of diabetes (years; mean ± SE)	-	-	-	-	8.9 ± 0.98	10.0 ± 0.72	12.8 ± 1.68	0.085
Use insulin (% yes)	-	-	-	-	13.0	22.2	25.6	0.131

*Continuous variables were compared using one-way analysis of variance and shown as the mean ± standard error (SE). Categorical variables were compared using Pearson's Chi-square test and shown as percentages.
^†Other conditions include heart disease, hypertension, and stroke.

ISSN: 1471-2458