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Table 3 Association between crime measures and the likelihood of being a current smoker, by age cohort, ORa (95% CI)

From: Neighbourhood crime and smoking: the role of objective and perceived crime measures

   

Model 1b

Model 2c

Model 3d

 

Total n

ncases

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

Police-recorded crime rate

30-50 years-old

   Low

224

59

1

1

1

   Medium

179

76

1.61 (1.09, 2.39)

1.40 (0.93, 2.11)

1.35 (0.89, 2.05)

   High

189

102

2.05 (1.41, 2.98)

1.58 (1.07, 2.35)

1.39 (0.92, 2.10)

Adjusted R 2

  

0.025

0.138

0.149

50-70 years-old

   Low

276

52

1

1

1

   Medium

234

84

1.91 (1.29, 2.81)

1.67 (1.11, 2.49)

1.66 (1.11, 2.48)

   High

196

111

3.01 (2.06, 4.38)

2.24 (1.51, 3.33)

2.16 (1.45, 3.24)

Adjusted R 2

  

0.053

0.144

0.146

>70 years-old

     

   Low

178

16

1

1

1

   Medium

185

42

2.53 (1.37, 4.66)

2.31 (1.24, 4.32)

2.28 (1.22, 4.27)

   High

172

43

2.78 (1.51, 5.12)

2.30 (1.22, 4.33)

2.29 (1.20, 4.36)

   Adjusted R 2

  

0.036

0.085

0.091

Resident-perceived crime

30-50 years-old

   Low

220

52

1

1

1

   Medium

210

51

1.04 (0.67, 1.61)

1.07 (0.68, 1.70)

1.04 (0.65, 1.65)

   Medium-high

167

42

1.09 (0.68, 1.73)

1.05 (0.64, 1.70)

0.99 (0.60, 1.62)

   High

232

92

2.12 (1.41, 3.19)

1.78 (1.16, 2.73)

1.63 (1.04, 2.55)

   Adjusted R 2

  

0.032

0.145

0.149

50-70 years-old

   Low

244

57

1

1

1

   Medium

221

49

0.94 (0.61, 1.44)

0.98 (0.62, 1.54)

0.94 (0.59, 1.48)

   Medium-high

179

43

1.04 (0.66, 1.63)

1.03 (0.64, 1.66)

0.95 (0.59, 1.53)

   High

309

98

1.52 (1.04, 2.23)

1.37 (0.92, 2.04)

1.20 (0.80, 1.81)

Adjusted R 2

  

0.012

0.126

0.146

>70 years-old

   Low

227

41

1

1

1

   Medium

161

20

0.64 (0.36, 1.15)

0.71 (0.39, 1.28)

0.70 (0.39, 1.27)

   Medium-high

112

15

0.70 (0.37, 1.33)

0.74 (0.38, 1.42)

0.70 (0.36, 1.36)

   High

136

25

1.02 (0.59, 1.77)

1.12 (0.63, 1.97)

0.97 (0.54, 1.74)

   Adjusted R 2

  

0.009

0.069

0.091

  1. CI confidence interval, n total sample size, n cases number of cases, OR odds ratio
  2. aNever/ex-smokers serve as the reference category
  3. bModel 1: Unadjusted (includes smoking and crime rate or perceived crime only)
  4. cModel 2: Adjusted for sex, SES and employment status
  5. dModel 3: Adjusted for sex, SES, employment status and perceived neighbourhood crime (for objective crime model) and for objective crime (for perceived crime model)