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Table 2 Association between crime measures and the likelihood of being a current smoker, ORa (95% CI)

From: Neighbourhood crime and smoking: the role of objective and perceived crime measures

   

Model 1b

Model 2c

Model 3d

 

Total n

ncases

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

Police-recorded crime rate

All respondents

   Low

678

127

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Medium

598

202

1.80 (1.39, 2.31)

1.68 (1.30, 2.18)

1.67 (1.29, 2.16)

   High

557

256

2.45 (1.93, 3.12)

1.94 (1.51, 2.50)

1.84 (1.42, 2.39)

   Adjusted R 2

  

0.035

0.132

0.137

Men

   Low

308

63

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Medium

244

88

1.76 (1.23, 2.54)

1.66 (1.13, 2.44)

1.64 (1.11, 2.43)

   High

252

118

2.29 (1.62, 3.24)

1.75 (1.21, 2.54)

1.73 (1.18, 2.54)

   Adjusted R 2

  

0.032

0.165

0.167

Women

   Low

370

64

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Medium

354

114

1.86 (1.33, 2.61)

1.68 (1.19, 2.39)

1.70 (1.20, 2.42)

   High

305

138

2.62 (1.88, 3.65)

2.09 (1.48, 2.96)

1.95 (1.36, 2.78)

   Adjusted R 2

  

0.038

0.120

0.132

Resident-perceived crime

All respondents

   Low

691

150

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Medium

592

120

0.92 (0.70, 1.20)

0.94 (0.71, 1.24)

0.90 (0.68, 1.19)

   Medium-high

458

100

1.01 (0.76, 1.34)

0.95 (0.71, 1.28)

0.88 (0.65, 1.18)

   High

677

215

1.68 (1.32, 2.14)

1.43 (1.11, 1.84)

1.26 (0.97, 1.64)

   Adjusted R 2

  

0.018

0.123

0.137

Men

   Low

308

66

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Medium

257

62

1.17 (0.79, 1.73)

1.22 (0.81, 1.85)

1.17 (0.77, 1.77)

   Medium-high

198

44

1.05 (0.68, 1.61)

0.97 (0.62, 1.54)

0.89 (0.56, 1.41)

   High

310

97

1.67 (1.16, 2.40)

1.30 (0.88, 1.93)

1.12 (0.75, 1.68)

Adjusted R 2

  

0.013

0.156

0.167

Women

   Low

383

84

1.00

1.00

1.00

   Medium

335

58

0.75 (0.51, 1.08)

0.75 (0.51, 1.11)

0.73 (0.49, 1.07)

   Medium-high

260

56

0.98 (0.67, 1.43)

0.95 (0.64, 1.41)

0.88 (0.59, 1.31)

   High

367

118

1.69 (1.22, 2.34)

1.51 (1.07, 2.13)

1.36 (0.96, 1.93)

   Adjusted R 2

  

0.025

0.117

0.132

  1. CI confidence interval, n total sample size, n cases number of cases, OR odds ratio
  2. aNever/ex-smokers serve as the reference category
  3. bModel 1: Unadjusted (includes smoking and crime rate or perceived crime only)
  4. cModel 2: Adjusted for sex, age cohort, SES and employment status; sex-specific models adjusted for these confounders excluding sex
  5. dModel 3: Adjusted for sex, age cohort, SES, employment status and perceived neighbourhood crime (for objective crime model) and for objective crime (for perceived crime model); sex-specific models adjusted for these confounders excluding sex