Table 2 Characteristics of study participants according to sex categories

Age

45.6 ± 14.6

44.3 ± 14.3

NS

Smokers

Current smokers

60.3(330)

7.6(54)

< 0.001

Ex-smokers

10.8(59)

2.0(14)

Drinkers

59.4(325)

15.1(107)

< 0.001

Regular leisure-time physical activity

39.9(218)

34.1(241)

0.038

Education

College or above

24.7(135)

15.8(112)

< 0.001

Middle school

28.9(158)

21.9(155)

Primary school or below

46.4(255)

62.3(441)

Family annual income(%, n)

≥ 10000 yuan

36.7(201)

28.4(201)

0.002

   < 10000 yuan

63.3(346)

71.6(507)

Body mass index (kg/m2)

22.5 ± 3.5

22.6 ± 3.7

NS

Waist circumference(cm)

81.9 ± 11.0

79.0 ± 10.2

< 0.001

Family history of obesity (%, n)

9.0(49)

11.3(80)

NS

Systolic blood pressure(mmHg)

115.6 ± 17.0

112.3 ± 18.9

0.001

Diastolic blood pressure(mmHg)

78.6 ± 11.7

76.2 ± 12.4

< 0.001

fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)

5.2 ± 1.5

5.0 ± 1.2

0.005

0.5-hr plasma glucose (mmol/L)

8.3(7.1, 9.8)

7.6(6.3, 9.0)

< 0.001

2-hr plasma glucose (mmol/L)

6.0(4.7, 7.8)

6.0(4.9, 7.4)

NS

TC(mmol/L)

4.3 ± 1.0

4.3 ± 1.6

NS

TG(mmol/L)

1.34(0.91, 1.98)

1.29(0.90,1.79)

0.023

HDL-C(mmol/L)

1.2 ± 0.3

1.2 ± 0.3

NS

LDL-C(mmol/L)

2.5 ± 0.7

2.5 ± 0.7

NS