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Table 3 Smoking at all versus no smoking across predictors at baseline (1990) and final wave (1995)

From: Distal and proximal family predictors of adolescents' smoking initiation and development: A longitudinal latent curve model analysis

  

Own smoking behaviour 1990

Own smoking behaviour 1995

  

Yes

No

n

Differencea

Yes

No

n

Differencea

Gender

Boy

12%

88%

887

χ2 = .04, df = 1, p > 0.05

45%

55%

776

χ2 = 2.58, df = 1, p > 0.05

 

Girl

12%

88%

  

51%

49%

  

Father smoking

Yes

15%

85%

858

χ2 = 5.74, df = 1, p < 0.01

59%

41%

617

χ2 = 24.91, df = 1, p < 0.05

 

No

9%

91%

  

39%

61%

  

Mother smoking

Yes

15%

85%

874

χ2 = 7.86, df = 1, p < 0.01

58%

42%

631

χ2 = 16.75, df = 1, p < 0.05

 

No

9%

91%

  

41%

59%

  

Older sibling smoking

Yes

27%

73%

846

χ2 = 51.43, df = 1, p < 0.001

66%

34%

610

χ2 = 18.93, df = 1, p < 0.00

 

No

7%

93%

  

44%

56%

  

Best friend smoking

Yes

67%

33%

874

χ2 = 305.36, df = 1, p < 0.00

78%

22%

631

χ2 = 25.59, df = 1, p < 0.00

 

No

5%

95%

  

45%

55%

  

Allowed smoking

Yes

33%

67%

764

NAb

33%

67%

556

NAb

 

No

11%

89%

  

47%

53%

  

Parents' SES

Low

12%

88%

431

χ2 = 5.93, df = 2, p < 0.05

49%

51%

351

χ2 = 1.05, df = 2, p > 0.05

 

Mid

11%

89%

  

46%

54%

  
 

High

4%

96%

  

52%

48%

  
  1. aChi-square test of difference
  2. bNot estimable because expected frequency was lower than 5