Prevalence and progression of visual impairment in patients newly diagnosed with clinical type 2 diabetes: a 6-year follow up study

de Fine Olivarius, Niels; Siersma, Volkert; Almind, Gitte Juul; Nielsen, Niels Vesti

doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-80

Table 1 Average changes in visual acuity during the first 6 years after diabetes diagnosis according to baseline patient characteristics

From: Prevalence and progression of visual impairment in patients newly diagnosed with clinical type 2 diabetes: a 6-year follow up study

					Test of difference in level of logMAR at diabetes diagnosis ^a		Test of difference in change of logMAR after diabetes diagnosis ^b
Characteristic at diagnosis	Category	n	Average logMAR at diabetes diagnosis	Average yearly change in logMAR after diabetes diagnosis	Un-adjusted p	Age and sex adjusted p	Un-adjusted p	Age and sex adjusted p	Median decimal acuity at diabetes diagnosis	Median decimal acuity 5.6 years after diabetes diagnosis
Total		1241	-0.24	-0.0250					1.00 (0.80-1.00)	0.80 (0.67-1.00)
Sex	Female	588	-0.30	-0.0343	0.001	0.070	0.0006	0.017	0.90 (0.67-1.00)	0.80 (0.60-1.00)
	Male	653	-0.19	-0.0160					1.00 (0.80-1.00)	1.00 (0.67-1.00)
Age (years)	40- < 60	430	-0.05	-0.0068	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	1.00 (1.00-1.00)	1.00 (0.80-1.00)
	60- < 70	377	-0.18	-0.0125					1.00 (0.80-1.00)	0.80 (0.67-1.00)
	≥ 70	434	-0.47	-0.0769					0.70 (0.60-0.95)	0.60 (0.40-0.80)
Living alone	Yes	384	-0.39	-0.0527	< 0.0001	0.0009	< 0.0001	0.002	0.80 (0.67-1.00)	0.67 (0.50-0.90)
	No	835	-0.17	-0.0158					1.00 (0.80-1.00)	1.00 (0.70-1.00)
Education	Basic	935	-0.26	-0.0293	0.006	0.67	0.008	0.30	1.00 (0.70-1.00)	0.80 (0.60-1.00)
	Higher	252	-0.15	-0.0114					1.00 (0.90-1.00)	1.00 (0.70-1.00)
Residence	Countryside	486	-0.26	-0.0269	0.41	0.98	0.56	0.60	1.00 (0.80-1.00)	0.80 (0.63-1.00)
	Larger towns	430	-0.24	-0.0211					1.00 (0.80-1.00)	0.80 (0.63-1.00)
	Copenhagen area	273	-0.20	-0.0211					1.00 (0.80-1.00)	0.80 (0.67-1.00)
Familial disposition to DM	No	659	-0.25	-0.0314	0.58	0.76	0.041	0.028	1.00 (0.75-1.00)	0.80 (0.63-1.00)
	Yes	466	-0.23	-0.0195					1.00 (0.80-1.00)	0.90 (0.67-1.00)
Diagnostic plasma glucose (mmol/l)	< 10	220	-0.23	-0.0227	0.93	0.47	0.36	0.063	1.00 (0.80-1.00)	0.80 (0.63-1.00)
	10-< 17	706	-0.24	-0.0281					1.00 (0.80-1.00)	0.80 (0.67-1.00)
	≥ 17	315	-0.24	-0.0193					1.00 (0.80-1.00)	0.80 (0.60-1.00)
Haemoglobin A_1c (%) ^c	< 9	298	-0.20	-0.0239	0.45	0.35	0.083	0.071	1.00 (0.80-1.00)	0.80 (0.67-1.00)
	9- < 11	347	-0.24	-0.0347					1.00 (0.80-1.00)	0.90 (0.67-1.00)
	≥ 11	396	-0.25	-0.0195					1.00 (0.70-1.00)	0.80 (0.60-1.00)
Total cholesterol (mmol/l)	< 6	495	-0.27	-0.0190	0.22	0.55	0.20	0.076	1.00 (0.70-1.00)	0.80 (0.60-1.00)
	6-< 7	366	-0.24	-0.0297					1.00 (0.80-1.00)	0.90 (0.67-1.00)
	≥ 7	358	-0.20	-0.0277					1.00 (0.80-1.00)	0.80 (0.67-1.00)
Fasting triglycerides (mmol/l)	< 2	616	-0.24	-0.0201	0.89	0.75	0.022	0.0008	1.00 (0.80-1.00)	0.80 (0.67-1.00)
	2- < 3	320	-0.25	-0.0227					1.00 (0.80-1.00)	0.80 (0.60-1.00)
	≥ 3	279	-0.23	-0.0388					1.00 (0.80-1.00)	0.80 (0.67-1.00)
Urinary albumin (mg/l)	< 15	703	-0.19	-0.0205	0.004	0.015	0.038	0.13	1.00 (0.80-1.00)	0.90 (0.67-1.00)
	15-< 200	437	-0.31	-0.0347					1.00 (0.70-1.00)	0.80 (0.60-1.00)
	≥ 200	59	-0.21	-0.0172					1.00 (0.80-1.00)	0.80 (0.60-1.00)
Serum creatinine (μmol/l)	< 130	1166	-0.23	-0.0238	0.012	0.33	0.012	0.062	1.00 (0.80-1.00)	0.80 (0.67-1.00)
	≥ 130	54	-0.43	-0.0634					0.80 (0.67-1.00)	0.75 (0.50-1.00)
Height - men (cm)	< 165	69	-0.30	-0.0273	0.11	0.58	0.53	0.96	0.95 (0.70-1.00)	0.80 (0.60-1.00)
	165- < 180	470	-0.18	-0.0156					1.00 (0.80-1.00)	1.00 (0.67-1.00)
	≥ 180	113	-0.14	-0.0135					1.00 (0.90-1.00)	1.00 (0.80-1.00)
Height - women (cm)	< 150	19	-0.47	-0.0587	0.050	0.47	0.12	0.91	0.70 (0.70-0.80)	0.60 (0.50-0.80)
	150- < 165	415	-0.32	-0.0390					0.80 (0.67-1.00)	0.80 (0.50-1.00)
	≥ 165	154	-0.20	-0.0203					1.00 (0.80-1.00)	0.90 (0.70-1.00)
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	< 140	366	-0.18	-0.0174	0.023	0.78	0.036	0.63	1.00 (0.80-1.00)	1.00 (0.67-1.00)
	140-< 160	414	-0.25	-0.0223					1.00 (0.70-1.00)	0.80 (0.63-1.00)
	≥ 160	459	-0.28	-0.0338					1.00 (0.75-1.00)	0.80 (0.62-1.00)
Resting heart rate (bpm)	< 80	754	-0.23	-0.0208	0.17	0.09	0.040	0.066	1.00 (0.80-1.00)	0.80 (0.67-1.00)
	80- < 90	333	-0.23	-0.0361					1.00 (0.70-1.00)	0.80 (0.60-1.00)
	≥ 90	149	-0.32	-0.0219					1.00 (0.67-1.00)	0.80 (0.63-1.00)
Cardiovascular disease	No	849	-0.20	-0.0224	< 0.0001	0.045	0.035	0.55	1.00 (0.80-1.00)	0.90 (0.67-1.00)
	Yes	367	-0.34	-0.0357					0.90 (0.67-1.00)	0.80 (0.50-1.00)
Peripheral neuropathy	No	992	-0.22	-0.0218	0.013	0.14	0.013	0.016	1.00 (0.80-1.00)	0.90 (0.67-1.00)
	Yes	232	-0.32	-0.0392					0.90 (0.67-1.00)	0.80 (0.60-1.00)
Self-rated health	Excellent or good	557	-0.18	-0.0200	0.0006	0.003	0.043	0.13	1.00 (0.80-1.00)	0.90 (0.70-1.00)
	Fair, poor or very poor	663	-0.29	-0.0309					0.90 (0.70-1.00)	0.80 (0.60-1.00)
Smoking	Never	372	-0.33	-0.0369	0.0007	0.32	0.009	0.50	0.90 (0.67-1.00)	0.80 (0.60-1.00)
	Former	431	-0.22	-0.0206					1.00 (0.80-1.00)	0.80 (0.63-1.00)
	Current	414	-0.18	-0.0186					1.00 (0.80-1.00)	1.00 (0.70-1.00)
Physical activity	Sedentary	323	-0.39	-0.0364	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	0.035	0.20	0.80 (0.60-1.00)	0.70 (0.50-1.00)
	Non-sedentary	893	-0.19	-0.0227					1.00 (0.80-1.00)	0.90 (0.67-1.00)
Weight - men (kg)	< 80	200	-0.24	-0.0172	0.19	0.85	0.64	0.81	1.00 (0.80-1.00)	0.80 (0.67-1.00)
	80- < 90	196	-0.18	-0.0204					1.00 (0.80-1.00)	1.00 (0.80-1.00)
	≥ 90	255	-0.16	-0.0130					1.00 (0.80-1.00)	1.00 (0.70-1.00)
Weight - women (kg)	< 70	200	-0.39	-0.0485	0.008	0.21	0.040	0.068	0.80 (0.67-1.00)	0.70 (0.50-1.00)
	70-< 80	157	-0.29	-0.0208					0.90 (0.67-1.00)	0.80 (0.60-1.00)
	≥ 80	231	-0.21	-0.0319					1.00 (0.80-1.00)	0.80 (0.63-1.00)
Diabetic retinopathy	None	1186	-0.23	-0.0243	0.040	0.012	< 0.0001	0.0005	1.00 (0.80-1.00)	0.80 (0.67-1.00)
	Microaneurysms only	14	-0.54	0.0174					1.00 (0.90-1.00)	0.85 (0.80-1.00)
	Further retinopathy	38	-0.38	-0.1164					0.80 (0.63-1.00)	0.60 (0.50-0.80)
Age-related macular degeneration	No	1087	-0.18	-0.0170	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	1.00 (0.80-1.00)	0.90 (0.67-1.00)
	Yes	154	-0.67	-0.1000					0.67 (0.50-0.80)	0.50 (0.40-0.67)
Cataract	No	889	-0.14	-0.0145	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	0.0004	1.00 (0.80-1.00)	1.00 (0.70-1.00)
	Yes	337	-0.51	-0.0698					0.70 (0.50-0.80)	0.60 (0.50-0.80)
Other retinopathy	No	1129	-0.23	-0.0239	0.32	0.87	0.18	0.93	1.00 (0.80-1.00)	0.80 (0.67-1.00)
	Yes	112	-0.29	-0.0370					0.80 (0.67-1.00)	0.67 (0.50-1.00)
Eye pressure (mmHg)	< 16	369	-0.25	-0.0215	0.58	0.64	0.031	0.045	1.00 (0.70-1.00)	0.90 (0.67-1.00)
	16- < 20	592	-0.22	-0.0234					1.00 (0.80-1.00)	0.80 (0.67-1.00)
	≥ 20	151	-0.28	-0.0441					1.00 (0.75-1.00)	0.80 (0.60-1.00)

Visual acuity is given as logMAR and decimal acuity. Estimates of logMAR are from a mixed model using all available measurements of visual acuity which come from the best seeing eye in all cases. p values are from Wald tests. Median values (interquartile range) of decimal acuity are from the first and the last eye examination
^a Testing whether the mean of the level of visual acuity at diabetes diagnosis is different for the two or three levels of the stratification variable
^b Testing whether the mean yearly change of visual acuity after diabetes diagnosis is different for the two or three levels of the stratification variable, given the level of the visual acuity at diabetes diagnosis. This test focuses on differences in slope between the linear curves describing changes in visual acuity
^c HbA_1c measured within 90 days of diabetes diagnosis. Reference range: 5.4-7.4

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