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Table 2 Age adjusted and multivariate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of mental health problems (GHQ12, severe anxiety & use of antidepressant medication) in relation to economic hardship (inability to pay ordinary bills, lack of cash reserves, low household income) Men (the Swedish National Public Health Survey 2009).

From: Economic hardships in adulthood and mental health in Sweden. the Swedish National Public Health Survey 2009

 

Psychological distress (GHQ12)

Severe anxiety

Use of antidepressant medications

 

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

Men

(N = 23,153)

      
 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 1

Model 2

Model 1

Model 2

Inability to pay for ordinary bills

      

No (reference)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Yes

3.34 (3.06-3.65)

2.05 (1.76-2.38)

4.92 (4.24-5.72)

2.76 (2.10-3.63)

3.07 (2.80-3.63)

1.90 (1.48-2.43)

Lack of cash reserves

      

No (reference)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Yes

2.52 (2.31-2.75)

1.38 (1.17-1.62)

4.27 (3.69-4.95)

1.67 (1.26-2.21)

2.85 (2.42-3.34)

1.34 (1.03-1.73)

Low household income

      

No (reference)

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Yes

1.82 (1.67-2.00)

1.14 (0.98-1.33)

2.70 (2.32-3.15)

1.09 (0.83-1.42)

2.64 (2.25-3.09)

1.51 (1.20-1.91)

  1. Model 1 adjusted for age
  2. Model 2 adjusted for age, country of birth, educational level, occupational status, employment status, family status and long term illness and all three economic hardships variables included in the model simultaneously