Table 2 Beta coefficients and 95% confidence intervals from multivariate modelsa looking at factors associated with plasma carotenoid concentrations
Variables | Lutein/zeaxanthin (nmol/L) | ß-cryptoxanthin (nmol/L) | Lycopene (nmol/L) | α-carotene (nmol/L) | ß-carotene (nmol/L) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age group (yrs) | |||||
15-24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
25-34 | 17.26 (-5.04, 39.55) | -3.92 (-26.67, 18.83) | -2.11 (-46.96, 42.74) | 13.55 (319, 23.92) | 42.44 (-1.07, 85.95) |
35-44 | -2.64 (-25.73, 20.46) | 4.04 (-19.54, 27.63) | -64.14 (-110.60, -17.69) | 16.61 (5.87, 27.36) | 79.39 (34.32, 124.46) |
45-54 | 23.62 (-1.31, 48.55) | 49.15 (23.71, 74.58) | -45.19 (-95.33, 4.95) | 25.23 (13.65, 36.82) | 134.24 (85.59, 182.89) |
55-64 | 36.62 (4.67, 68.56) | 47.02 (14.42, 79.61) | -125.88 (-190.13, -61.63) | 15.65 (0.80, 30.49) | 166.36 (104.02, 228.69) |
65+ | 48.33 (5.16, 91.50) | 66.47 (22.42, 110.52) | -51.74 (-138.57, 35.09) | 24.24 (4.19, 44.30) | 164.02 (79.78, 248.27) |
Sex | |||||
Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Female | 8.26 (-7.48, 23.99) | 5.15 (-10.92, 21.23) | -33.15 (-64.79, -1.50) | 13.18 (5.87, 20.49) | 75.80 (45.09, 106.50) |
SES quintile | |||||
1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
2 | 11.59 (-15.86, 39.04) | 4.79 (-23.27, 32.86) | 20.66 (-34.56, 73.87) | 0.35 (-12.41, 13.10) | 28.85 (-24.72, 82.41) |
3 | 30.01 (6.15, 53.87) | 1.78 (-22.63, 26.20) | 14.82 (-33.17, 62.81) | -3.29 (-14.38, 7.80) | -6.05 (-52.60, 40.51) |
4 | 65.51 (37.18, 93.84) | 6.87 (-22.12, 35.87) | 47.44 (-9.55, 104.43) | 7.44 (-5.75, 20.64) | 23.95 (-31.35, 79.24) |
5 | 88.49 (59.51, 117.47) | 21.58 (-8.04, 51.20) | 105.22 (46.94, 163.51) | 17.29 (3.82, 30.75) | 86.10 (29.55, 142.65) |
p-trend | <0.001 | 0.202 | 0.001 | 0.019 | 0.026 |
Poor or fair health | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Good or better health | 8.75 (-9.33, 26.82) | 0.83 (-17.63, 19.29) | 6.78 (-29.58, 43.14) | 9.24 (0.84, 17.64) | 34.64 (-0.63, 69.29) |
Normal cholesterol | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Hypercholesterolaemia | 40.20 (24.15, 56.25) | 19.92 (3.52, 36.31) | 91.31 (59.03, 123.59) | 12.53 (5.06, 20.00) | 76.62 (45.30, 107.94) |
No dyslipidaemia | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Dyslipidaemia | -14.60 (-30.64, 1.43) | -14.12 (-30.48, 2.23) | -65.87 (-98.11,-33.62) | -13.27 (-20.73, -5.82) | -63.38 (-94.67, -32.10) |
Glucose tolerance | |||||
Normal | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Abnormalb | -16.59 (-39.16, 5.98) | -24.83 (-47.88, -1.77) | -44.21 (-89.62, 1.19) | -17.98 (-28.48, -7.49) | -105.20 (-149.26, -61.15) |
Diabetic | 1.28 (-21.09, 23.65) | -27.59 (-50.45, -4.73) | -74.27 (-119.26, -29.27) | -22.63 (-33.03, -12.23) | -140.07 (-183.73, 96.41) |
Waist to hip ratio | |||||
Non-obese | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Obese | -3.19 (-23.42, 17.04) | -11.34 (-31.98, 9.30) | -0.28 (-40.97, 40.41) | 1.62 (-7.80, 11.04) | -2.75 (-42.23, 36.73) |
Body mass index | |||||
Underweight | -11.47 (-38.57, 15.63) | -6.04 (-33.69, 21.61) | 4.84 (-49.67, 59.35) | -0.45 (-13.15, 12.25) | -7.03 (-59.91, 45.86) |
Normal | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Overweight | -0.23(-20.56, 20.10) | 5.26 (-15.48, 26.00) | 29.20 (-11.69, 70.08) | 8.03 (-1.42, 17.47) | -12.25 (-51.92, 27.42) |
Obese | -23.88 (-45.09, -2.69) | -7.34 (-29.00, 14.31) | -14.13 (-56.79, 28.53) | -4.52 (-14.37, 5.33) | -57.15 (-98.31, -15.76) |
Non-smoker | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Current smoker | -42.53 (-58.39, -26.68) | -52.07(-68.26, -35.88) | -44.87 (-76.77, -12.97) | -17.66 (-25.03, -10.29) | -76.79 (-107.74, -45.84) |
Non-alcohol consumer | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Alcohol consumer | 9.69 (-7.29, 26.66) | -4.26 (-21.63, 13.11) | 42.14 (7.99, 76.29) | 8.17 (0.27, 16.07) | 17.44 (-15.69, 50.57) |
Adjusted R2 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.21 |