From: Metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity phenotypes in the general population: the FIN-D2D Survey
No MetS | MetS | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMI < 25 (n = 712) | BMI 25-29.9 (n = 418) | BMI ≥ 30 (n = 94) | P trend | BMI < 25 (n = 205) | BMI 25-29.9 (n = 811) | BMI ≥ 30 (n = 609) | P trend | P for MetS/BMI Interaction | |
Glucose metabolism | |||||||||
2-hour plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 6.0 ± 2.1 | 6.3 ± 1.8 | 6.5 ± 2.1 | 0.013 | 7.1 ± 2.5 | 7.6 ± 2.7 | 8.6 ± 3.4 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
fP-insulin (mU/l) | 5.1 ± 4.4 | 6.0 ± 2.5 | 8.5 ± 4.2 | < 0.001 | 6.7 ± 4.1 | 9.8 ± 22.0 | 14.7 ± 22.6 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
HOMA-IR | 1.4 ± 2.5 | 1.6 ± 0.76 | 2.3 ± 2.4 | 0.001 | 1.8 ± 1.1 | 3.3 ± 15 | 4.7 ± 8.7 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
FINDRISK diabetes risk score (points) | 6.6 ± 3.4 | 9.8 ± 3.4 | 13 ± 3.1 | < 0.001 | 10.2 ± 4.0 | 12.5 ± 3.9 | 16 ± 4.1 | < 0.001 | 0.518 |
Total T2DM, % | 5.1 | 3.8 | 4.3 | 0.490 | 14.4 | 21.3 | 37.0 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Previously diagnosed T2DM, % | 1.7 | 0.7 | 0 | 0.064 | 6.4 | 6.9 | 15.5 | < 0.001 | 0.002 |
T2DM, undetected prior survey, % | 3.4 | 3.1 | 4.3 | 0.800 | 7.9 | 14.4 | 21.5 | < 0.001 | 0.075 |
CVD risk | |||||||||
Cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.4 ± 0.86 | 5.5 ± 0.90 | 5.6 ± 0.98 | 0.001 | 5.6 ± 1.1 | 5.4 ± 1.0 | 5.4 ± 1.1 | 0.019 | < 0.001 |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 3.3 ± 0.76 | 3.5 ± 0.80 | 3.6 ± 0.87 | < 0.001 | 3.5 ± 0.89 | 3.3 ± 0.89 | 3.3 ± 0.96 | 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Apolipoprotein A1 (g/l) | 1.7 ± 0.26 | 1.6 ± 0.24 | 1.6 ± 0.19 | < 0.001 | 1.6 ± 0.30 | 1.5 ± 0.26 | 1.5 ± 0.23 | < 0.001 | 0.985 |
Apolipoprotein B (g/l) | 0.90 ± 0.19 | 0.97 ± 0.19 | 0.98 ± 0.19 | < 0.001 | 1.0 ± 0.23 | 1.0 ± 0.23 | 1.0 ± 0.24 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
hsCRP (mg/l) | 1.3 ± 3.8 | 2.5 ± 8.0 | 3.1 ± 4.6 | < 0.001 | 3.8 ± 16 | 2.5 ± 5.0 | 4.4 ± 8.5 | 0.118 | 0.713 |
Framingham 10 yr CVD (%) | 11.9 ± 11.1 | 11.3 ± 8.4 | 10.4 ± 8.6 | 0.067 | 18.7 ± 13.9 | 22.8 ± 15 | 25.1 ± 17.2 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
SCORE 10 yr fatal CVD (%) | 4.5 ± 6.1 | 3.9 ± 4.3 | 3.6 ± 4.8 | 0.002 | 5.8 ± 5.9 | 7.2 ± 6.5 | 6.4 ± 5.8 | 0.560 | 0.074 |
Liver | |||||||||
Serum ALT (U/l) | 21.1 ± 12.8 | 24.4 ± 10.6 | 24.6 ± 12.5 | < 0.001 | 24.7 ± 15.4 | 28.1 ± 15.6 | 32.9 ± 24.9 | < 0.001 | 0.033 |
Serum AST(U/l) | 24.3 ± 12.4 | 24.4 ± 7.4 | 25.6 ± 9.4 | 0.145 | 26.1 ± 13.0 | 26.8 ± 10.7 | 39.6 ± 17.7 | < 0.001 | 0.045 |
Serum γGT (U/l) | 26.9 ± 27.8 | 32.0 ± 28.1 | 33.0 ± 31.8 | 0.001 | 40.9 ± 117.5 | 40.5 ± 45.7 | 49.5 ± 66.6 | 0.065 | 0.636 |
Alcohol (g/d) | 8.2 ± 13 | 7.6 ± 12 | 5.8 ± 11 | 0.168 | 8.6 ± 24 | 8.6 ± 14 | 8.0 ± 13 | 0.860 | 0.522 |
NAFLD score | -2.0 ± 0.96 | -1.9 ± 0.57 | -1.5 ± 0.84 | < 0.001 | -0.45 ± 1.0 | 0.021 ± 3.5 | 0.97 ± 3.6 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Estimated liver fat (%) | 2.1 ± 1.1 | 2.2 ± 0.69 | 2.7 ± 1.0 | < 0.001 | 4.9 ± 2.2 | 5.6 ± 3.4 | 7.8 ± 5.1 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Lifestyle | |||||||||
Not eating fruits/vegetables daily, % | 18.3 | 20.0 | 18.1 | 0.535 | 20.2 | 23.9 | 19.8 | 0.548 | 0.404 |
Active leisure time physical activity, % | 30.9 | 27.6 | 14.1 | 0.002 | 20.6 | 19.3 | 12.1 | < 0.001 | 0.836 |
Weight change during past year (kg) | -0.31 ± 0.46 | 0.43 ± 3.8 | 0.56 ± 6.9 | 0.015 | 0.2 ± 0.40 | -0.03 | -0.16 ± 5.7 | 0.588 | 0.108 |
Hours slept per night (hours) | 7.2 ± 0.99 | 7.3 ± 1.0 | 7.4 ± 1.1 | 0.453 | 7.4 ± 1.1 | 7.3 ± 1.1 | 7.3 ± 1.2 | 0.795 | 0.449 |
Currently smoking, % | 18.5 | 12.8 | 8.6 | 0.002 | 16.3 | 16.7 | 10.1 | 0.002 | 0.470 |