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Table 2 Characteristics and laboratory results in individuals with and without metabolic syndrome in different BMI classes

From: Metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity phenotypes in the general population: the FIN-D2D Survey

 

No MetS

MetS

 
 

BMI < 25

(n = 712)

BMI 25-29.9

(n = 418)

BMI ≥ 30

(n = 94)

P

trend

BMI < 25

(n = 205)

BMI 25-29.9

(n = 811)

BMI ≥ 30

(n = 609)

P

trend

P for MetS/BMI

Interaction

Glucose metabolism

         

2-hour plasma glucose (mmol/l)

6.0 ± 2.1

6.3 ± 1.8

6.5 ± 2.1

0.013

7.1 ± 2.5

7.6 ± 2.7

8.6 ± 3.4

< 0.001

< 0.001

fP-insulin (mU/l)

5.1 ± 4.4

6.0 ± 2.5

8.5 ± 4.2

< 0.001

6.7 ± 4.1

9.8 ± 22.0

14.7 ± 22.6

< 0.001

< 0.001

HOMA-IR

1.4 ± 2.5

1.6 ± 0.76

2.3 ± 2.4

0.001

1.8 ± 1.1

3.3 ± 15

4.7 ± 8.7

< 0.001

< 0.001

FINDRISK diabetes risk score (points)

6.6 ± 3.4

9.8 ± 3.4

13 ± 3.1

< 0.001

10.2 ± 4.0

12.5 ± 3.9

16 ± 4.1

< 0.001

0.518

Total T2DM, %

5.1

3.8

4.3

0.490

14.4

21.3

37.0

< 0.001

< 0.001

Previously diagnosed T2DM, %

1.7

0.7

0

0.064

6.4

6.9

15.5

< 0.001

0.002

T2DM, undetected prior survey, %

3.4

3.1

4.3

0.800

7.9

14.4

21.5

< 0.001

0.075

CVD risk

         

Cholesterol (mmol/l)

5.4 ± 0.86

5.5 ± 0.90

5.6 ± 0.98

0.001

5.6 ± 1.1

5.4 ± 1.0

5.4 ± 1.1

0.019

< 0.001

LDL cholesterol (mmol/l)

3.3 ± 0.76

3.5 ± 0.80

3.6 ± 0.87

< 0.001

3.5 ± 0.89

3.3 ± 0.89

3.3 ± 0.96

0.001

< 0.001

Apolipoprotein A1 (g/l)

1.7 ± 0.26

1.6 ± 0.24

1.6 ± 0.19

< 0.001

1.6 ± 0.30

1.5 ± 0.26

1.5 ± 0.23

< 0.001

0.985

Apolipoprotein B (g/l)

0.90 ± 0.19

0.97 ± 0.19

0.98 ± 0.19

< 0.001

1.0 ± 0.23

1.0 ± 0.23

1.0 ± 0.24

< 0.001

< 0.001

hsCRP (mg/l)

1.3 ± 3.8

2.5 ± 8.0

3.1 ± 4.6

< 0.001

3.8 ± 16

2.5 ± 5.0

4.4 ± 8.5

0.118

0.713

Framingham 10 yr CVD (%)

11.9 ± 11.1

11.3 ± 8.4

10.4 ± 8.6

0.067

18.7 ± 13.9

22.8 ± 15

25.1 ± 17.2

< 0.001

< 0.001

SCORE 10 yr fatal CVD (%)

4.5 ± 6.1

3.9 ± 4.3

3.6 ± 4.8

0.002

5.8 ± 5.9

7.2 ± 6.5

6.4 ± 5.8

0.560

0.074

Liver

         

Serum ALT (U/l)

21.1 ± 12.8

24.4 ± 10.6

24.6 ± 12.5

< 0.001

24.7 ± 15.4

28.1 ± 15.6

32.9 ± 24.9

< 0.001

0.033

Serum AST(U/l)

24.3 ± 12.4

24.4 ± 7.4

25.6 ± 9.4

0.145

26.1 ± 13.0

26.8 ± 10.7

39.6 ± 17.7

< 0.001

0.045

Serum γGT (U/l)

26.9 ± 27.8

32.0 ± 28.1

33.0 ± 31.8

0.001

40.9 ± 117.5

40.5 ± 45.7

49.5 ± 66.6

0.065

0.636

Alcohol (g/d)

8.2 ± 13

7.6 ± 12

5.8 ± 11

0.168

8.6 ± 24

8.6 ± 14

8.0 ± 13

0.860

0.522

NAFLD score

-2.0 ± 0.96

-1.9 ± 0.57

-1.5 ± 0.84

< 0.001

-0.45 ± 1.0

0.021 ± 3.5

0.97 ± 3.6

< 0.001

< 0.001

Estimated liver fat (%)

2.1 ± 1.1

2.2 ± 0.69

2.7 ± 1.0

< 0.001

4.9 ± 2.2

5.6 ± 3.4

7.8 ± 5.1

< 0.001

< 0.001

Lifestyle

         

Not eating fruits/vegetables daily, %

18.3

20.0

18.1

0.535

20.2

23.9

19.8

0.548

0.404

Active leisure time physical activity, %

30.9

27.6

14.1

0.002

20.6

19.3

12.1

< 0.001

0.836

Weight change during past year (kg)

-0.31 ± 0.46

0.43 ± 3.8

0.56 ± 6.9

0.015

0.2 ± 0.40

-0.03

-0.16 ± 5.7

0.588

0.108

Hours slept per night (hours)

7.2 ± 0.99

7.3 ± 1.0

7.4 ± 1.1

0.453

7.4 ± 1.1

7.3 ± 1.1

7.3 ± 1.2

0.795

0.449

Currently smoking, %

18.5

12.8

8.6

0.002

16.3

16.7

10.1

0.002

0.470

  1. ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; Framingham 10 yr CVD, Framingham 10-year risk score for fatal coronary events; HDL cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; NAFLD: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; SCORE 10 yr fatal CVD, SCORE risk score 10-year risk score for fatal coronary events T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; γGT: gamma glutamyltransferase. P values adjusted for age and sex.