Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants by gender
Characteristics | Total (n = 380) n (%) | Male (n = 158) n (%) | Female (n = 222) n (%) |    p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diabetes mellitus |    41 (10.8) |    19 (12.0) |    22 (9.9) |    0.51§ | |
Hypertension |  |    95 (25.0) |    45 (28.5) |    50 (22.5) |    0.19§ |
Current smoker |  |    37 (9.7) |    37 (100) |    0 (0) |    < 0.001§ |
BMI status: | Normal weight |    60 (15.8) |    29 (18.4) |    31 (14.0) |    0.12§ |
|  | Overweight |    127 (33.4) |    59 (37.3) |    68 (30.6) |  |
|  | Obese |    193 (50.8) |    70 (44.3) |    123 (55.4) |  |
25 OH Vit D Insufficiency (< 50 nmol/l) |    258 (67.9) |    65 (41.1) |    193 (86.9) |    < 0.001§ | |
Metabolic syndrome |  |    146 (38.4) |    64 (40.5) |    76 (34.2) |    0.21§ |
|  |  |    (mean ± s.d.) |    (mean ± s.d.) |    (mean ± s.d.) |  |
Age (years) |    48.5 ± 5.2 |    49.6 ± 5.7 |    47.7 ± 4.6 |    < 0.001‡ | |
BMI (kg/m2) |    27.5 ± 4.6 |    26.7 ± 4.3 |    28.1 ± 4.8 |    0.04‡ | |
Waist circumference (cm) |    87.5 ± 10.4 |    90.9 ± 9.9 |    85.0 ± 9.9 |    < 0.001‡ | |
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) |    133.7 ± 18.7 |    136.2 ± 15.8 |    132.0 ± 20.4 |    0.03‡ | |
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) |    82.1 ± 11.5 |    83.4 ± 10.5 |    81.1 ± 12.1 |    0.06‡ | |
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/l) |    5.9 ± 2.4 |    5.9 ± 2.1 |    5.9 ± 2.6 |    0.95‡ | |
Triglycerides (mmol/l) |    1.6 ± 0.9 |    1.9 ± 0.9 |    1.4 ± 0.7 |    < 0.001‡ | |
Total cholesterol (mmol/l) |    5.4 ± 0.9 |    5.5 ± 0.9 |    5.4 ± 0.9 |    0.44‡ | |
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) |    1.3 ± 0.3 |    1.2 ± 0.2 |    1.4 ± 0.3 |    < 0.001‡ | |
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) |    3.3 ± 0.9 |    3.4 ± 0.8 |    3.3 ± 0.8 |    0.24‡ | |
25 OH Vitamin D (nmol/l) |    44.5 ± 18.7 |    56.2 ± 19.0 |    36.2 ± 13.4 |    < 0.001‡ | |