A prospective cohort study of long-term cognitive changes in older Medicare beneficiaries

Wolinsky, Fredric D; Bentler, Suzanne E; Hockenberry, Jason; Jones, Michael P; Weigel, Paula A; Kaskie, Brian; Wallace, Robert B

doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-710

BMC Public Health

Table 5 Unstandardized (b) and standardized (β) regression coefficients from the multivariable linear regression models predicting cognitive function at the last follow-up interview

From: A prospective cohort study of long-term cognitive changes in older Medicare beneficiaries

Independent Variables	TICS-7 at Follow-Up (N= 3,002)		Immediate Word Recall at Follow-Up (N= 4,211)		Delayed Word Recall at Follow-Up (N= 4,033)
	b	β	b	β	b	β
Baseline Cognition
Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS-7; 0-15 correct)	0.36***	0.33
Immediate Word Recall (0-10 correct)			0.34***	0.34
Delayed Word Recall (0-10 correct)					0.29***	0.32
Exposure and Censoring
Years Between Interviews	-0.07***	-0.13	-0.05***	-0.11	-0.05***	-0.11
Years Between Interviews Squared	0.01*	0.05	0.01***	0.09	0.01***	0.08
Entered Managed Care After Baseline	0.42***	0.07	0.46***	0.09	0.50***	0.09
Survived to the End of the Study^a	0.67***	0.14	0.33***	0.08	0.45***	0.10
Died ≤ 1 Year After the Last Interview^a	0.22*	0.04	0.15*	0.03	0.10	0.02
Demographic and Socioeconomic
Age	-0.05***	-0.11	-0.06***	-0.16	-0.06***	-0.16
Men	0.17*	0.04	-0.12	-0.03	-0.17*	-0.04
African American^b	-0.71***	-0.07	-0.20*	-0.03	-0.44***	-0.06
Hispanic American^b	-0.57*	-0.04	-0.20	-0.02	-0.12	-0.01
Widowed^c	-0.08	-0.02	-0.01	-0.00	-0.03	-0.01
Divorced or Separated^c	0.10	0.01	0.05	0.01	0.29*	0.03
Never Married^c	0.30	0.03	0.21	0.02	-0.02	-0.00
Grade School Only^d	-0.43***	-0.07	-0.26***	-0.06	-0.17*	-0.03
Attended College^d	0.20**	0.04	0.27***	0.07	0.25***	0.06
Lowest Income Quintile^e	-0.21	-0.03	-0.03	-0.01	-0.12	-0.02
Highest Income Quintile^e	0.17	0.04	-0.02	-0.00	0.02	0.01
Disease History and Comorbidity
Acute Myocardial Infarction	0.11	0.01	0.12	0.02	0.07	0.01
Angina	-0.14	-0.02	0.04	0.01	-0.06	-0.01
Arthritis	-0.28**	-0.06	-0.06	-0.02	0.07	0.02
Cancer	0.04	0.01	0.11	0.02	0.15	0.03
Diabetes	-0.08	-0.01	-0.15	-0.03	-0.21*	-0.03
Hip Fracture	-0.10	-0.01	-0.01	-0.00	0.25	0.03
Hypertension	0.10	0.02	0.05	0.01	0.07	0.02
Lung Conditions	0.07	0.01	0.06	0.01	-0.02	-0.00
Psychological Conditions	-0.21	-0.02	-0.21	-0.03	-0.05	-0.01
Stroke	-0.13	-0.02	-0.14	-0.02	-0.30*	-0.04
Comorbidity (≥ 3 of the above diseases)	0.24	0.04	0.19*	0.04	0.26*	0.05
Health Lifetyles
Obese^f	0.16	0.03	0.08	0.02	-0.01	-0.00
Underweight^f	0.02	0.00	0.09	0.01	-0.05	-0.00
Engages in Vigorous Activity (≥ 3 times per week)	-0.08	-0.02	0.04	0.01	-0.01	-0.00
Current Cigarette Smoker^g	-0.02	-0.00	-0.15	-0.02	-0.13	-0.02
Former Cigarette Smoker^g	0.11	0.03	0.01	0.00	0.02	0.01
≥ 1 Alcoholic Drink Daily	0.02	0.00	-0.02	-0.00	-0.02	-0.00
Functional Status
Activities of Daily Living Limitations	-0.06	-0.02	-0.06	-0.02	-0.03	-0.01
Instrumental ADL Limitations	-0.07	0.02	-0.11*	-0.04	-0.08	-0.02
Mobility Limitations	0.08*	-0.05	0.03	0.02	0.00	0.00
Good Vision	-0.01	-0.00	-0.07	0.02	-0.01	-0.00
Good Hearing	-0.14	-0.03	0.13*	0.03	-0.02	-0.00
Depressive Symptoms	-0.03	-0.02	-0.04*	-0.04	-0.02	-0.02
Continuity of Care
Every Day After Baseline^h	0.17	0.02	0.02	0.04	0.09	0.01
Never After Baseline^h	-0.22	-0.05	-0.03	-0.01	0.03	0.01
Post-Baseline Health Shocks
Quartile 1 of Annual Primary Care Visitsⁱ	0.43**	0.09	0.01	0.00	0.12	0.03
Quartile 2 of Annual Primary Care Visitsⁱ	0.38***	0.08	0.01	0.00	0.16	0.04
Quartile 3 of Annual Primary Care Visitsⁱ	0.13	0.03	-0.01	-0.00	0.10	0.02
Quartile 1 of Annual Hospital Episodes^j	0.09	0.02	0.16*	0.04	0.08	0.02
Quartile 2 of Annual Hospital Episodes^j	0.01	0.00	-0.01	-0.00	-0.07	-0.02
Quartile 3 of Annual Hospital Episodes^j	0.28**	0.06	-0.04	-0.00	-0.07	-0.02
Intercept	10.97***		6.30***		5.89***
R²	0.24***		0.28***		0.25***

* = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.01; *** = p < 0.001
^aReference category is died > 1 year after the last follow-up interview.
^bReference category is White.
^cReference category is married.
^dReference category is high school.
^eReference category is the three middle quintiles.
^fReference category is normal or overweight.
^gReference category is never having smoked cigarettes.
^hReference category is continuity of care for 1-99%.
ⁱReference category is top quartile of primary care visits.
^jReference category is top quartile of annual hospital episodes.

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ISSN: 1471-2458

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