From: A prospective cohort study of long-term cognitive changes in older Medicare beneficiaries
Independent Variables | TICS-7 at Follow-Up (N= 3,002) | Immediate Word Recall at Follow-Up (N= 4,211) | Delayed Word Recall at Follow-Up (N= 4,033) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | b | β | b | β | b | β |
Baseline Cognition | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS-7; 0-15 correct) | 0.36*** | 0.33 | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Immediate Word Recall (0-10 correct) | Â | Â | 0.34*** | 0.34 | Â | Â |
Delayed Word Recall (0-10 correct) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.29*** | 0.32 |
Exposure and Censoring | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Years Between Interviews | -0.07*** | -0.13 | -0.05*** | -0.11 | -0.05*** | -0.11 |
Years Between Interviews Squared | 0.01* | 0.05 | 0.01*** | 0.09 | 0.01*** | 0.08 |
Entered Managed Care After Baseline | 0.42*** | 0.07 | 0.46*** | 0.09 | 0.50*** | 0.09 |
Survived to the End of the Studya | 0.67*** | 0.14 | 0.33*** | 0.08 | 0.45*** | 0.10 |
Died ≤ 1 Year After the Last Interviewa | 0.22* | 0.04 | 0.15* | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.02 |
Demographic and Socioeconomic | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Age | -0.05*** | -0.11 | -0.06*** | -0.16 | -0.06*** | -0.16 |
Men | 0.17* | 0.04 | -0.12 | -0.03 | -0.17* | -0.04 |
African Americanb | -0.71*** | -0.07 | -0.20* | -0.03 | -0.44*** | -0.06 |
Hispanic Americanb | -0.57* | -0.04 | -0.20 | -0.02 | -0.12 | -0.01 |
Widowedc | -0.08 | -0.02 | -0.01 | -0.00 | -0.03 | -0.01 |
Divorced or Separatedc | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.29* | 0.03 |
Never Marriedc | 0.30 | 0.03 | 0.21 | 0.02 | -0.02 | -0.00 |
Grade School Onlyd | -0.43*** | -0.07 | -0.26*** | -0.06 | -0.17* | -0.03 |
Attended Colleged | 0.20** | 0.04 | 0.27*** | 0.07 | 0.25*** | 0.06 |
Lowest Income Quintilee | -0.21 | -0.03 | -0.03 | -0.01 | -0.12 | -0.02 |
Highest Income Quintilee | 0.17 | 0.04 | -0.02 | -0.00 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
Disease History and Comorbidity | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Acute Myocardial Infarction | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.01 |
Angina | -0.14 | -0.02 | 0.04 | 0.01 | -0.06 | -0.01 |
Arthritis | -0.28** | -0.06 | -0.06 | -0.02 | 0.07 | 0.02 |
Cancer | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.03 |
Diabetes | -0.08 | -0.01 | -0.15 | -0.03 | -0.21* | -0.03 |
Hip Fracture | -0.10 | -0.01 | -0.01 | -0.00 | 0.25 | 0.03 |
Hypertension | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.02 |
Lung Conditions | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.01 | -0.02 | -0.00 |
Psychological Conditions | -0.21 | -0.02 | -0.21 | -0.03 | -0.05 | -0.01 |
Stroke | -0.13 | -0.02 | -0.14 | -0.02 | -0.30* | -0.04 |
Comorbidity (≥ 3 of the above diseases) | 0.24 | 0.04 | 0.19* | 0.04 | 0.26* | 0.05 |
Health Lifetyles | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Obesef | 0.16 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.02 | -0.01 | -0.00 |
Underweightf | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.01 | -0.05 | -0.00 |
Engages in Vigorous Activity (≥ 3 times per week) | -0.08 | -0.02 | 0.04 | 0.01 | -0.01 | -0.00 |
Current Cigarette Smokerg | -0.02 | -0.00 | -0.15 | -0.02 | -0.13 | -0.02 |
Former Cigarette Smokerg | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
≥ 1 Alcoholic Drink Daily | 0.02 | 0.00 | -0.02 | -0.00 | -0.02 | -0.00 |
Functional Status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Activities of Daily Living Limitations | -0.06 | -0.02 | -0.06 | -0.02 | -0.03 | -0.01 |
Instrumental ADL Limitations | -0.07 | 0.02 | -0.11* | -0.04 | -0.08 | -0.02 |
Mobility Limitations | 0.08* | -0.05 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Good Vision | -0.01 | -0.00 | -0.07 | 0.02 | -0.01 | -0.00 |
Good Hearing | -0.14 | -0.03 | 0.13* | 0.03 | -0.02 | -0.00 |
Depressive Symptoms | -0.03 | -0.02 | -0.04* | -0.04 | -0.02 | -0.02 |
Continuity of Care | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Every Day After Baselineh | 0.17 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.01 |
Never After Baselineh | -0.22 | -0.05 | -0.03 | -0.01 | 0.03 | 0.01 |
Post-Baseline Health Shocks | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Quartile 1 of Annual Primary Care Visitsi | 0.43** | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.03 |
Quartile 2 of Annual Primary Care Visitsi | 0.38*** | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.16 | 0.04 |
Quartile 3 of Annual Primary Care Visitsi | 0.13 | 0.03 | -0.01 | -0.00 | 0.10 | 0.02 |
Quartile 1 of Annual Hospital Episodesj | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.16* | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.02 |
Quartile 2 of Annual Hospital Episodesj | 0.01 | 0.00 | -0.01 | -0.00 | -0.07 | -0.02 |
Quartile 3 of Annual Hospital Episodesj | 0.28** | 0.06 | -0.04 | -0.00 | -0.07 | -0.02 |
Intercept | 10.97*** | Â | 6.30*** | Â | 5.89*** | Â |
R2 | 0.24*** | Â | 0.28*** | Â | 0.25*** | Â |