Health impact of US military service in a large population-based military cohort: findings of the Millennium Cohort Study, 2001-2008

Table 2 New-onset^a behavioral and mental health outcomes in Millennium Cohort Panel 1 participants between baseline and first follow-up surveys

	Health Outcome
	Smoking^b		Alcohol Use^c
	New Smoking	Smoking Recidivism	Binge-Like Drinking	Problem Drinking	Disordered Eating^d	Depression^e	PTSD^f
	%	%	%	%	%	%	%
Recent deployment experience^g
Nondeployed	1.4	28.7	18.2	3.7	2.9	5.0	2.3
Deployed without combat	1.5	35.3	20.9	3.2	2.4	2.8	1.4
Deployed with combat exposures	3.3	44.7	26.2	5.7	3.0	7.3	7.6
Gender
Male	1.6	29.5	21.4	4.2	2.6	4.0	2.4
Female	1.7	36.1	15.3	3.0	3.3	8.0	3.8
Birth year
Before 1960	0.5	16.6	12.8	2.6	2.5	4.0	2.2
1960-1969	1.1	29.3	19.7	3.0	2.6	4.4	2.3
1970-1979	2.4	49.0	24.4	5.5	3.3	6.2	3.5
1980 or later	8.2	64.0	42.5	10.1	3.6	9.1	5.4
Military rank
Enlisted	2.1	34.3	21.4	4.5	3.0	5.8	3.3
Officer	0.7	20.0	14.4	2.4	2.4	3.0	1.4
Service component
Reserve/National Guard	1.4	28.4	18.0	4.1	2.5	5.1	2.9
Active duty	1.7	33.6	20.4	3.7	3.1	4.9	2.7
Service branch
Army	2.2	33.6	19.9	4.4	3.0	6.1	3.9
Air Force	1.0	27.2	17.4	2.6	2.3	3.6	1.3
Navy	1.1	29.9	19.9	3.8	3.0	4.6	2.2
Marine Corps	2.4	38.1	23.8	7.6	3.2	4.1	3.0
Military occupation
Combat specialists	1.4	30.5	21.4	4.2	2.7	3.6	2.4
All others	1.7	31.3	18.8	3.8	2.8	5.3	2.9

^a New-onset was defined among those with no baseline evidence of selected health outcomes.
^b New smoking defined among those with no lifetime history of prior smoking. Smoking recidivism defined among past smokers who resumed smoking between baseline and follow-up.
^c Binge-like drinking defined as drinking 5 or more drinks (for men) or 4 or more drinks (for women) on at least 1 day of the week, or any drinking of 5 or more alcoholic beverages on at least 1 occasion during the year. Problem drinking defined by endorsement of at least 1 item from the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) for probable alcohol abuse [77].
^d Disordered eating defined by criteria from the PHQ[77].
^e Depression defined by criteria from the PHQ-9[77].
^f Posttraumatic stress disorder defined by DSM-IV criteria using the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version with a score of 50 or more points [78].
^g Recent deployment was defined as a deployment in support of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan that occurred between baseline and follow-up evaluations. Results exclude those who provided either baseline or follow-up information during deployment.

ISSN: 1471-2458