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Table 1 Adjusted differences in mean, summed stigma scores for participant characteristics

From: Socio-demographic and AIDS-related factors associated with tuberculosis stigma in southern Thailand: a quantitative, cross-sectional study of stigma among patients with TB and healthy community members

  

Patients with TB

Community members

  

Perceived TB stigma

Experienced/felt TB stigma

Community TB stigma

  

Crude*

MD†

(95% CI)

Crude*

MD†

(95% CI)

Crude*

MD†

(95% CI)

Age

Age (per 10 year)

18.12

0.61

(0.29, 0.92)

19.72

0.17

(-0.12, 0.45)

19.96

0.66

(0.22, 1.11)

Gender

Male

18.51

0.0

 

20.16

0.0

 

19.88

0.0

 
 

Female

18.28

0.16

(-0.79, 1.11)

19.28

-0.80

(-1.67, 0.07)

20.37

0.30

(-0.80, 1.39)

Religion

Buddhist

18.88

0.0

 

19.84

0.0

 

20.02

0.0

 
 

Muslim

17.51

-1.37

(-2.32, -0.42)

19.87

0.04

(-0.83, 0.90)

20.59

0.56

(-0.85, 1.98)

 

Completed secondary

18.44

0.0

 

19.16

0.0

 

19.71

0.0

 

Education

Completed primary

17.89

-0.41

(-1.53, 0.72)

19.78

0.54

(-0.46, 1.55)

19.95

0.21

(-1.03, 1.46)

 

Some or no primary

19.08

0.78

(-0.39, 1.96)

20.52

1.22

(0.17, 2.28)

21.38

1.61

(0.14, 3.08)

Income

Baht/month (1,000 baht)

18.38

0.00

(-0.04, 0.03)

19.39

-0.02

(-0.05, 0.02)

19.39

-0.01

(-0.06, 0.04)

 

Infection from others

18.96

0.0

 

19.77

0.0

 

19.81

0.0

 
 

Eat/drink with patient

17.58

-1.46

(-3.87, 0.95)

19.20

-0.62

(-2.76, 1.52)

20.42

1.13

(-0.86, 3.11)

TB Knowledge

Smoking/drinking

18.62

-0.66

(-1.97, 0.65)

20.49

0.42

(-0.77, 1.62)

20.09

0.03

(-1.57, 1.63)

(Cause)

Work hard

17.91

-1.57

(-3.15, 0.01)

19.97

-0.17

(-1.61, 1.28)

24.00

 

Too few

 

Heredity

17.79

-0.98

(-3.40, 1.44)

18.65

-1.23

(-3.37, 0.92)

19.44

-1.44

(-3.78, 0.91)

 

Weak body

18.80

-0.30

(-1.78, 1.17)

19.44

-0.36

(-1.71, 0.99)

20.04

0.43

(-1.84, 2.69)

 

Not cough or sneeze/don't know

18.43

0.0

 

19.67

0.0

 

20.25

0.0

 
 

Cough/sneeze

18.43

0.08

(-1.09, 1.25)

19.89

0.40

(-0.67, 1.47)

20.09

-0.28

(-1.51, 0.95)

 

Not eat or drink/don't know

18.15

0.0

 

19.61

0.0

 

19.41

0.0

 

TB Knowledge

Eat/drink

18.61

0.52

(-0.39, 1.43)

20.01

0.44

(-0.39, 1.26)

21.39

1.73

(0.62, 2.84)

(Transmission)

Not touch/don't know

18.43

0.0

 

19.74

0.0

 

20.12

0.0

 
 

Touch

18.49

-0.14

(-1.73, 1.45)

21.00

1.21

(-0.22, 2.64)

20.22

-0.33

(-2.17, 1.51)

 

Not set/don't know

18.33

0.0

 

19.75

0.0

 

20.05

0.0

 
 

Sex

19.35

1.06

(-0.44, 2.55)

20.84

0.92

(-0.46, 2.30)

21.63

1.94

(-0.47, 4.34)

TB Knowledge

Not curable

19.63

0.0

 

20.67

0.0

 

20.65

0.0

 

(Cure)

Curable

18.39

-1.41

(-3.84, 1.02)

19.83

-0.91

(-3.17, 1.35)

19.97

-0.93

(-2.23, 0.37)

 

TB does not increase AIDS/don't know

17.84

0.0

 

18.74

0.0

 

19.87

0.0

 
 

TB increases AIDS

19.02

1.08

(0.19, 1.86)

20.93

2.16

(1.38, 2.94)

20.42

0.55

(-0.52, 1.62)

TB Knowledge‡

AIDS does not increase TB/don't know

18.12

0.0

 

19.37

0.0

 

19.52

0.0

 

(TB/HIV)

AIDS increases TB

18.55

0.42

(-0.59, 1.42)

20.03

0.85

(-0.07, 1.77)

20.36

0.86

(-0.35, 2.06)

 

AIDS and TB do not appear similar

17.83

0.0

 

19.15

0.0

 

20.52

0.0

 
 

AIDS/TB appear similar

18.68

0.86

(-0.12, 1.84)

20.14

0.86

(-0.03, 1.75)

19.89

-0.55

(-1.66, 0.57)

HIV/AIDS stigma

Perceived/Community AIDS stigma

19.79

0.64

(0.58, 0.71)

21.79

0.48

(0.41, 0.55)

21.00

0.55

(0.45, 0.64)

Know person

Did not know person with TB

      

19.75

0.0

 

with TB

Knew person with TB (lived)

      

19.98

0.13

(-1.32, 1.57)

 

Knew person with TB (died)

      

22.42

2.59

(0.96, 4.22)

 

Never tested

18.42

0.0

 

19.72

0.0

    

HIV status§

Previously tested negative

18.17

0.04

(-1.05, 1.13)

19.44

-0.05

(-1.04, 1.94)

   
 

Previously tested positive

18.91

0.90

(-0.42, 2.22)

21.09

1.57

(0.39, 2.76)

   
 

Cough

18.70

0.0

 

19.98

0.0

    
 

Hemoptysis

18.25

-0.43

(-1.54, 0.69)

19.48

-0.57

(-1.57, 0.42)

   

Symptoms§‡

Weight loss

18.57

-0.28

(-1.78, 1.22)

20.79

0.48

(-0.89, 1.85)

   
 

Fever and/or EPTB only

17.04

-1.61

(-3.11,-0.10)

19.17

-0.51

(-1.85, 0.83)

   
 

No symptoms

20.36

1.73

(-0.94, 4.40)

19.77

-0.18

(-2.64, 2.28)

   
  1. *Crude, mean stigma scores for each group. For continuous variables, mean stigma scores are reported for ages 30 to 39 years old, those with 10,000 baht income, and AIDS stigma scores of 20.
  2. † MD, adjusted mean difference in summed stigma scores; CI, confidence interval; 0.0 indicates referent level. Sets of confounders used in multivariable analysis of each factor are as follows:
  3. Age and Religion: no confounders; Gender: adjusted for age and religion; Income: adjusted for age, religion and education; Education: adjusted for religion and gender; TB knowledge variables: adjusted for age, education, income (patients only) and knowing someone with TB (community members only); AIDS stigma: adjusted for age, gender, religion, education, income, TB/HIV knowledge, HIV status (patients only) and TB symptoms (patients only); Knowing someone with TB (community members only): adjusted for age and income; HIV status (patients only): adjusted for age, religion and income; TB symptoms (patients only): adjusted for gender and HIV status
  4. ‡ Cough and hemoptysis categories may also include patients with additional symptoms such as weight loss, fever, or EPTB (extrapulmonary TB); Weight loss excludes cough but may include other symptoms (e.g. fever and/or EPTB); Fever and EPTB includes patients with only those symptoms (no cough or weight loss).
  5. § Self-reported
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