Table 6 An overview of selected studies looking at cotinine concentrations among children and youth globally
From: A survey of schoolchildren's exposure to secondhand smoke in Malaysia
Authors and country | Type of study and cotinine sample | Size of population | Information of study | GM cotinine concentrations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Serum cotinine | ||||
Lazcano-Ponce et al. 2007 Mexico [31] | National Health Survey year 2000 | 76 and 83 children (<5 years) | Non-smoking homes and smoking homes | 0.10 and 0.60 ng/ml for non-smoking and smoking homes respectively |
Dove et al. 2010 USA [29] | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2006 | 11 486 non-smoking children/youth (<19 years) | Divided into 3 groups of extensive, limited and no SFL coverage | 0.03 and 0.84 ng/ml for non-smoking and smoking homes in county with extensive SFL, 0.05 and 0.90 ng/ml for limited SFL, 0.07 and 1.13 ng/ml for no SFL coverage |
Marano et al. 2009 USA [30] | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2006 | 5518 children/adolescents (3-19) | Non-smoking homes and smoking homes | 0.05 and 1.05 ng/ml for non-smoking and smoking homes respectively |
Salivary cotinine | ||||
Akhtar et al. 2007 Scotland [13] | National Survey from 111 schools | 2559 and 2424 children (11 years) surveyed in 2006 and 2007 respectively | Children represented exposure before and after the implementation of SFL | 0.14 and 0.07 ng/ml for children living in non-smoking homes before and after SFL 0.57 and 0.32 ng/ml for children living in smoking homes (father only smokes) after the SFL |
Whitrow et al. 2010 England [32] | Survey in 2003-2004 among children from 51 schools in London | 2311 children (11-13 years) | To differentiate exposure of SHS among whites and other ethnic groups | 0.30 ng/ml and 0.84 ng/ml among White children living with no smokers and smokers (father only smokes) respectively |
Jarvis et al. 2009 England [33] | Survey among children between year 1996 to 2007 | 13365 children (4-15 years) | Relationship between cotinine and smoking restriction in homes | 0.22 ng/ml for non-smoking homes, 0.37 ng/ml (one smoker) and 0.71 ng/ml (two smokers) for smoke-free homes 1.67 ng/ml (one smoker) and 2.46 ng/ml (two smokers) for homes with no smoking restrictions |
a Delpisheh et al. 2007 England [27] | Survey among children in low socioeconomic area in 2004 | 425 children (5-11 years) | Relationship between cotinine and respiratory symptoms | 0.37 ng/ml for all children, 0.56 ng/ml among children living with a smoking mother and 0.38 ng/ml among children living with a smoking father |
Holliday et al. 2009 Wales [14] | National Survey from 75 schools | 1750 children (10-11) | Children represented exposure before and after the implementation of SFL | 0.17 ng.ml for all children before the SFL 0.15 ng/ml for all children after the SFL |