Table 2 Characteristics of participants with MetS/pre-MetS and those without MetS, by sex

Age (years)

45.5 (0.9)

47.6 (0.8)

0.088

46.7 (0.7)

52.3 (0.8)

< 0.001

Height (cm)

168.8 (0.7)

171 (0.6)

0.023

157.8 (0.4)

157.6 (0.6)

0.853

Body weight (kg)

66.9 (0.9)

80.1 (1.1)

< 0.001

58.6 (0.5)

73.4 (0.9)

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

23.5 (0.3)

27.4 (0.3)

< 0.001

23.6 (0.2)

29.5 (0.3)

< 0.001

% muscle mass (%)

30.8 (0.4)

30.2 (0.2)

0.102

24.8 (0.2)

21.9 (0.5)

< 0.001

% fat mass (%)

23.3 (0.6)

26.5 (0.4)

< 0.001

31.7 (0.4)

37.7 (0.4)

< 0.001

Physical activity parameters *

   Sedentary time (h/week)

36.5 (1.4)

38.2 (1.3)

0.367

27.6 (0.8)

32.9 (1.1)

0.001

   Low intensity activity (METs h/week)

75.5 (2.8)

77.9 (2.6)

0.538

99.5 (1.6)

90.9 (2.2)

0.002

   MVPA (METs h/week)

28.4 (1.2)

21.0 (1.2)

< 0.001

27.6 (0.7)

23 (1.0)

0.001

Metabolic syndrome components

   Waist circumference (cm)

82.6 (0.6)

93.4 (0.9)

< 0.001

83.1 (0.5)

100.9 (0.8)

< 0.001

   SBP (mmHg)

122.7 (1.4)

136.7 (1.3)

< 0.001

118.9 (0.9)

136.4 (1.9)

< 0.001

   DBP (mmHg)

79.1 (1.0)

90.5 (1.1)

< 0.001

79.1 (0.7)

91.8 (1.1)

< 0.001

   Fasting glucose (mg/dL)

100.3 (1.0)

109.7 (1.6)

< 0.001

97.2 (0.8)

115.1 (3.1)

< 0.001

   Triglyceride (mg/dL)

93.2 (5.7)

173.0 (9.8)

< 0.001

82.6 (3.1)

139.4 (8.3)

< 0.001

   HDL-C (mg/dL)

61.7 (1.2)

53.2 (1.5)

< 0.001

67.3 (1.0)

59.1 (1.3)

< 0.001

   Number of MetS components (n)

0.7 (0.1)

2.9 (0.1)

< 0.001

0.6 (0.0)

2.6 (0.1)

< 0.001

Daily nutrition intake ^†

   Calorie intake (kcal/day)

2122.2 (32.1)

2129.6 (35.4)

0.878

1897.8 (20.6)

1901.4 (22.6)

0.913

   Carbohydrate intake (g/day)

252.7 (11.4)

253.3 (9.0)

0.971

241 (6.1)

233.6 (7.9)

0.471

   Protein intake (g/day)

74.5(3.1)

78.6 (2.4)

0.292

68.9 (1.9)

67.9 (3)

0.753

   Fat intake (g/day)

59.8 (2.6)

60.1 (2.4)

0.948

56.7 (1.7)

53.2 (2.9)

0.271

Smoker (%)

17.9

26.3

0.175

5.5

4.8

0.798

Postmenopausal (%)

-

-

45.0

67.3

< 0.001