| |
Dutch N = 1718
|
African descent N = 238
|
Turkish N = 162
|
Moroccan N = 245
|
Others N = 793
|
|---|
|
Prenatal pre-pregnancy factors
| | | | | |
|
Age (year)
|
32.4 (4.1)1
|
29.0 (6.3)
|
26.5 (5.2)
|
27.6 (5.5)
|
31.3 (5.1)
|
|
Parity (%)
| | | | | |
|
0
|
60.9
|
46.2
|
39.5
|
47.3
|
54.5
|
|
1
|
31.7
|
27.3
|
35.8
|
27.3
|
32.4
|
|
≥ 2
|
7.5
|
26.5
|
24.7
|
25.3
|
13.1
|
|
Maternal education (%)
| | | | | |
|
0-5 years
|
7.0
|
42.6
|
56.5
|
54.2
|
22.4
|
|
6-10 years
|
34.3
|
47.8
|
38.5
|
40.8
|
40.0
|
|
> 10 years
|
58.7
|
9.6
|
5.0
|
5.0
|
37.6
|
|
Height (cm)
|
171 (6.2)
|
166 (6.2)
|
162 (5.1)
|
164 (6.7)
|
166 (7.2)
|
|
BMI mother (kg/m2)
|
22.6 (3.3)
|
24.4 (5.2)
|
24.6 (4.6)
|
25.1 (4.4)
|
22.7 (3.8)
|
|
Hypertension (%)
| | | | | |
|
Pre-existent
|
3.2
|
3.8
|
3.1
|
4.7
|
3.6
|
|
Gestational
|
11.8
|
8.9
|
5.0
|
7.2
|
7.4
|
|
Diabetes (%)
| | | | | |
|
Pre-existent
|
0.5
|
2.1
|
1.9
|
2.4
|
0.8
|
|
Gestational
|
0.1
|
0.8
|
0.6
|
0.0
|
0.4
|
|
Smoking (%)
| | | | | |
|
None
|
90.4
|
89.5
|
80.2
|
97.6
|
90.0
|
|
1-5 cigarettes/day
|
6.2
|
7.6
|
13.0
|
1.2
|
6.2
|
|
≥ 6 cigarettes/day
|
3.4
|
3.0
|
6.8
|
1.2
|
3.8
|
|
Physical activity (%)
| | | | | |
|
Not
|
6.6
|
34.5
|
32.7
|
34.7
|
20.1
|
|
Low
|
19.5
|
41.6
|
50.0
|
39.6
|
28.4
|
|
Moderate
|
32.0
|
16.4
|
11.7
|
20.8
|
23.8
|
|
High
|
41.9
|
7.6
|
5.6
|
4.9
|
27.7
|
|
Birth outcomes
| | | | | |
|
Birth weight (kg)
|
3.51 (0.55)
|
3.26 (0.62)
|
3.39 (0.53)
|
3.46 (0.50)
|
3.39 (0.54)
|
|
Gestational age (wk)
|
39.9 (1.7)
|
39.3 (2.0)
|
39.5 (1.8)
|
40.0 (1.5)
|
39.8 (1.7)
|
|
Gender (%)
| | | | | |
|
Boy
|
50.8
|
47.1
|
50.0
|
53.5
|
46.5
|
|
Girl
|
49.2
|
52.9
|
50.0
|
46.5
|
53.5
|
|
Postnatal factors
| | | | | |
|
Exclusive breastfeeding (%)
| | | | | |
|
None
|
18.5
|
18.9
|
5.6
|
12.2
|
18.3
|
|
< 1 month
|
7.1
|
12.6
|
17.3
|
13.1
|
8.6
|
|
1-3 months
|
30.7
|
40.3
|
31.5
|
42.0
|
30.9
|
|
> 3 months
|
43.7
|
28.2
|
45.7
|
32.7
|
42.2
|
|
Infant weight gain during the first 6 months (100 g/mo)
|
7.07 (1.34)
|
7.60 (1.56)
|
7.83 (1.50)
|
7.79 (1.47)
|
7.10 (1.35)
|
|
BMI 2 yr (kg/m2)
|
16.2 (1.3)
|
16.2 (1.4)
|
16.8 (1.7)
|
16.9 (1.7)
|
16.1 (1.4)
|
|
Overweight 2 yr (%)
|
7.1
|
9.2
|
19.8
|
16.7
|
8.8
|
-
1 Mean (SD) (all such values)
