Anxiety and depression lowers blood pressure: 22-year follow-up of the population based HUNT study, Norway

BMC Public Health

Table 2 Association of combined anxiety/depression scores¹ with change in blood pressure from baseline (HUNT 1) to 22-year follow-up (HUNT 3)

	Adjusted for age, sex, educational level, and baseline BP²			Additionally adjusted for health factors and medication³			Additionally adjusted for heart rate⁴
	B	P	R ²	B	P	R ²	B	P	R ²
Combined anxiety/depression	*Systolic blood pressure*
Baseline, per SD increase	-0.39	0.009	0.22	-0.32	0.032	0.23	-0.33	0.025	0.24
High at baseline	-0.67	0.044	0.22	-0.55	0.099	0.23	-0.61	0.067	0.24
High at baseline and at 11 y	-1.27	0.006	0.22	-1.15	0.012	0.23	-1.21	0.008	0.24
High at baseline, 11 y and 22 y	-1.59	0.004	0.22	-1.49	0.007	0.23	-1.51	0.006	0.24
Combined anxiety/depression	*Diastolic blood pressure*
Baseline, per SD increase	-0.17	0.054	0.38	-0.12	0.176	0.39	-0.13	0.145	0.42
High at baseline	-0.25	0.201	0.38	-0.15	0.439	0.39	-0.21	0.278	0.42
High at baseline and at 11 y	-0.54	0.050	0.38	-0.44	0.110	0.39	-0.51	0.058	0.42
High at baseline, 11 y and 22 y	-0.78	0.019	0.38	-0.73	0.026	0.39	-0.75	0.019	0.42

BP, blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; B, mm Hg change in BP during follow-up, from linear regression analyses.
¹Estimated with the Anxiety and Depression Symptom Index-12 (HUNT 1) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HUNT 2 and 3). A high symptom level was defined as score above the 80^th percentile of the two scales.
²Systolic or diastolic.
³Angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, stroke, diabetes mellitus, smoking status, low physical activity, antihypertensive medication (baseline and change during follow-up); hypertension among siblings (baseline and change from baseline to year 11); and waist circumference (year 11 and change from year 11 to year 22).
⁴Baseline and change during follow-up.

ISSN: 1471-2458