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Table 2 Associations between suicide mortality and measures of social and material deprivation, for males and females, Canadian census mortality follow-up study cohort, 1991-2001

From: Influence of social and material individual and area deprivation on suicide mortality among 2.7 million Canadians: A prospective study

 

Males

Females

 

Age-adjusted HR (95% CI)

Fully-adjusted HR (95% CI)a

Age-adjusted HR (95% CI)

Fully-adjusted HR (95% CI)a

Individual level

    

Social disadvantage

    

Civil status

    

   Separated/divorced/widowed

2.37 (2.12-2.65)

1.37 (1.11-1.69)

2.57 (2.17-3.05)

1.48 (0.93-2.37)

   Never married

2.45 (2.23-2.68)

1.50 (1.26-1.79)

2.67 (2.23-3.21)

1.64 (1.06-2.55)

   Common-law

1.64 (1.44-1.88)

1.31 (1.14-1.49)

1.62 (1.25-2.11)

1.40 (1.07-1.82)

   Legally married

1

1

1

1

Overall p value

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

0.02

Family structure

    

   Non-family

2.34 (2.16-2.54)

1.21 (0.99-1.48)

2.85 (2.43-3.34)

1.56 (0.98-2.51)

   Lone parent

2.00 (1.71-2.34)

1.26 (1.01-1.58)

2.11 (1.74-2.57)

1.09 (0.68-1.76)

   Two-parent family

1

1

1

1

Overall p value

<0.0001

0.09

<0.0001

0.02

Persons living alone

    

   Yes

2.44 (2.22-2.67)

1.40 (1.22-1.62)

2.41 (2.02-2.87)

1.04 (0.80-1.35)

   No

1

1

1

1

Overall p value

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

0.78

Material disadvantage

    

Education attainment

    

   No high school diploma

2.10 (1.85-2.28)

1.56 (1.36-1.79)

1.58 (1.24-2.03)

1.33 (1.01-1.74)

   High school diploma

1.57 (1.38-1.78)

1.36 (1.20-1.55)

1.34 (1.05-1.71)

1.32 (1.02-1.70)

   Post-secondary diploma

1.08 (0.91-1.27)

1.00 (0.85-1.18)

1.32 (1.01-1.72)

1.37 (1.04-1.79)

   University degree

1

1

1

1

Overall p value

<0.0001

<0.0001

0.003

0.13

Income adequacy quintile

    

   Quintile 1 - poorest

2.19 (1.95-2.45)

1.49 (1.31-1.69)

2.50 (2.04-3.05)

1.33 (1.05-1.70)

   Quintile 2

1.46 (1.29-1.64)

1.25 (1.10-1.41)

1.26 (1.01-1.59)

0.91 (0.72-1.16)

   Quintile 3

1.27 (1.13-1.43)

1.15 (1.02-1.30)

1.05 (0.83-1.32)

0.85 (0.67-1.08)

   Quintile 4

1.23 (1.09-1.38)

1.15 (1.03-1.30)

0.90 (0.71-1.15)

0.81 (0.64-1.04)

   Quintile 5 - richest

1

1

1

1

Overall p value

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

Employment status

    

   Not in labour force

2.18 (1.96-2.43)

1.50 (1.34-1.68)

2.24 (1.93-2.61)

2.10 (1.78-2.48)

   Unemployed

1.92 (1.71-2.15)

1.48 (1.31-1.67)

2.01 (1.59-2.56)

1.91 (1.50-2.44)

   Employed

1

1

1

1

Overall p value

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

Area level

    

Social deprivation

    

   Highest

1.56 (1.39-1.75)

1.12 (0.99-1.27)

2.57 (2.06-3.21)

1.71 (1.34-2.18)

   Second highest

1.25 (1.11-1.41)

1.05 (0.93-1.18)

1.68 (1.32-2.12)

1.35 (1.05-1.72)

   Middle

1.23 (1.10-1.39)

1.09 (0.97-1.22)

1.38 (1.08-1.77)

1.21 (0.94-1.56)

   Second lowest

1.14 (1.02-1.29)

1.07 (0.95-1.20)

1.34 (1.05-1.72)

1.27 (0.99-1.63)

   Lowest

1

1

1

1

Overall p value

<0.0001

0.46

<0.0001

0.0003

Material deprivation

    

   Highest

1.70 (1.52-1.90)

1.02 (0.90-1.15)

1.17 (0.96-1.44)

0.83 (0.65-1.04)

   Second highest

1.42 (1.27-1.60)

1.04 (0.92-1.17)

0.96 (0.78-1.19)

0.78 (0.62-0.98)

   Middle

1.21 (1.08-1.37)

1.00 (0.88-1.13)

1.05 (0.86-1.30)

0.96 (0.77-1.19)

   Second lowest

1.00 (0.88-1.13)

0.90 (0.79-1.02)

0.95 (0.77-1.17)

0.92 (0.74-1.14)

   Lowest

1

1

1

1

Overall p value

<0.0001

0.16

0.26

0.19

  1. a Hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) adjusted for age, all variables in table, visible minority, immigrant status, provincial region of residence, and community population size
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