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Table 2 Hazard ratios for total cancer and cardiovascular disease according to supplement use categories

From: Use of vitamin supplements and risk of total cancer and cardiovascular disease among the Japanese general population: A population-based survey

   

Total

Excluding cases within 5 years

  

Person-years

No. of cases

HR*1 (95% CI*)

P

HR2 (95% CI)

P

No. of cases

HR2 (95% CI)

P

Men

          
   

Total cancer

   
 

Never use

220,948

2152

1.00 (reference)

 

1.00 (reference)

 

1210

1.00 (reference)

 
 

Past use

28,863

324

0.98 (0.87-1.10)

0.8

0.98 (0.87-1.10)

0.8

167

0.95 (0.80-1.11)

0.5

 

Recent use

9603

102

1.00 (0.82-1.22)

0.97

1.01 (0.83-1.23)

0.9

59

1.05 (0.80-1.36)

0.7

 

Consistent use

10,863

139

1.11 (0.94-1.32)

0.2

1.10 (0.93-1.31)

0.3

75

1.13 (0.89-1.43)

0.3

   

Cardiovascular disease

   
 

Never use

203,013

934

1.00 (reference)

 

1.00 (reference)

 

490

1.00 (reference)

 
 

Past use

26,639

125

0.91 (0.75-1.09)

0.3

0.89 (0.73-1.07)

0.2

61

0.86 (0.66-1.12)

0.3

 

Recent use

8889

31

0.71 (0.50-1.02)

0.06

0.72 (0.51-1.04)

0.08

15

0.66 (0.39-1.10)

0.1

 

Consistent use

10,059

53

1.03 (0.78-1.36)

0.8

1.02 (0.77-1.35)

0.9

28

1.04 (0.71-1.53)

0.8

Women

          
   

Total cancer

   
 

Never use

248,659

1299

1.00 (reference)

 

1.00 (reference)

 

698

1.00 (reference)

 
 

Past use

44,237

287

1.19 (1.04-1.35)

0.01

1.17 (1.02-1.33)

0.02

157

1.21 (1.01-1.44)

0.04

 

Recent use

15,217

101

1.25 (1.02-1.53)

0.03

1.24 (1.01-1.52)

0.04

56

1.26 (0.96-1.66)

0.1

 

Consistent use

18,892

97

0.94 (0.76-1.16)

0.6

0.92 (0.75-1.13)

0.4

47

0.82 (0.61-1.11)

0.2

   

Cardiovascular disease

   
 

Never use

227,570

530

1.00 (reference)

 

1.00 (reference)

 

262

1.00 (reference)

 
 

Past use

40,586

116

1.11 (0.91-1.36)

0.3

1.08 (0.88-1.32)

0.5

63

1.24 (0.94-1.64)

0.1

 

Recent use

13,918

43

1.30 (0.95-1.77)

0.1

1.32 (0.97-1.81)

0.08

20

1.26 (0.80-1.99)

0.3

 

Consistent use

17,309

26

0.60 (0.40-0.89)

0.01

0.60 (0.41-0.89)

0.01

14

0.70 (0.41-1.21)

0.2

  1. Never use, neither past nor recent use; Past use, past use but not recent use; Recent use, recent use but not past use; Consistent use, both past and recent use.
  2. *HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.
  3. HR1: Adjusted for age and public health center area.
  4. HR2: Further adjusted for body mass index, smoking status, ethanol intake, occupation, daily total physical activity level, green vegetable intake, total energy intake, medication, and screening examination.