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Table 1 Population characteristics according to supplement use categories, Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study

From: Use of vitamin supplements and risk of total cancer and cardiovascular disease among the Japanese general population: A population-based survey

  

Men (n= 28,903)

Women (n= 33,726)

  

Never

use

Past

use

Recent

use

Consistent

use

P

Never

use

Past

use

Recent

use

Consistent

use

P

No. (%)

23,535 (81.4)

3161 (10.9)

1026 (3.6)

1181 (4.1)

 

25,525 (75.7)

4672 (13.9)

1567 (4.6)

1962 (5.8)

 

Age in years (mean (SE*))

55.7 (0.05)

57.9 (0.1)

57.1 (0.2)

58.2 (0.2)

<.0001

56.1 (0.05)

57.9 (0.1)

56.7 (0.2)

57.8 (0.2)

<.0001

Body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2 (%)

29.1

26.9

27.1

25.9

0.0049

29.0

31.0

26.3

23.6

<.0001

Smoking status (%)

Former smoker

16.6

18.6

19.5

21.3

<.0001

0.7

1.2

1.7

1.4

<.0001

 

Current smoker

47.8

44.8

41.4

42.2

 

4.3

5.7

4.7

5.2

 

Regular drinker, ≥ 150 g ethanol/wk (%)

50.5

46.1

46.8

45.5

<.0001

2.4

2.6

3.1

3.6

0.002

Mean MET*-hours/d

(mean (SE))

33.1 (0.05)

32.9 (0.1)

33.3 (0.2)

32.7 (0.2)

0.06

32.2 (0.04)

31.9 (0.09)

32.3 (0.2)

32.0 (0.1)

0.003

Medication (%)

Hypertension

16.7

21.9

17.0

21.5

<.0001

17.8

24.4

18.1

20.0

<.0001

 

Hyperlipidemia

3.0

4.3

3.9

4.9

<.0001

6.0

7.8

7.5

9.3

<.0001

 

Diabetes

3.2

4.2

2.8

4.5

0.001

2.0

2.8

2.2

1.5

0.0005

 

Others

12.2

17.1

15.4

15.1

<.0001

10.9

13.1

16.3

15.9

<.0001

History (%)

Angina

0.9

1.3

1.1

1.6

0.03

1.0

1.2

1.5

1.2

0.2

 

Diabetes

5.8

6.6

5.8

7.5

0.04

3.0

3.4

3.3

2.5

0.2

 

Gastric ulcer

5.0

5.4

5.0

4.9

0.8

2.1

2.3

2.6

2.9

0.07

 

Duodenal ulcer

2.5

2.0

1.9

3.5

0.02

1.2

1.2

1.4

1.3

0.9

 

Gastric polyp

2.2

2.3

2.6

3.3

0.09

2.6

2.4

3.3

3.7

0.004

 

Colonic polyp

4.1

4.3

4.9

5.8

0.03

1.8

1.7

2.0

3.3

<.0001

 

Hepatitis

1.7

1.9

2.3

3.2

0.0004

0.7

0.9

1.2

1.2

0.005

Screening examination (%)

83.3

84.0

87.0

88.0

<.0001

86.0

86.3

88.8

89.9

<.0001

Total energy intake (kcal/day) (mean (SE))

2206 (4.2)

2200 (12.1)

2222 (20.4)

2228 (18.1)

0.5

1886 (3.6)

1879 (8.6)

1938 (14.5)

1925 (12.9)

0.0001

Energy-adjusted

Salt intake (g/d)

12.2 (0.03)

12.3 (0.07)

12.4 (0.1)

12.3 (0.1)

0.5

12.0 (0.08)

11.9 (0.05)

11.7 (0.09)

11.7 (0.08)

0.5

food intake

Soy food (g/d)

86 (0.5)

93 (1.6)

89 (2.3)

89 (1.8)

0.0001

86 (0.5)

94 (1.2)

86 (1.6)

89 (1.6)

<.0001

(mean (SE))

Green vegetables (g/d)

38 (0.2)

38 (0.6)

41 (1.2)

40 (1.0)

0.01

48 (0.2)

47 (0.6)

50 (1.1)

49 (0.8)

0.055

 

Fruits (g/d)

172 (1.0)

187 (2.9)

189 (4.8)

204 (4.7)

<.0001

239 (1.1)

242 (2.5)

242 (4.0)

254 (3.9)

0.001

 

Fish (g/d)

91 (0.4)

91 (1.0)

92 (1.8)

92 (1.5)

0.7

87 (0.3)

86 (0.7)

86 (1.2)

86 (1.0)

0.4

 

Red meat (g/d)

52 (0.3)

51 (0.7)

53 (1.3)

51 (1.0)

0.5

46 (0.2)

48 (0.5)

45 (0.8)

46 (0.7)

0.0009

Energy-adjusted

α-tocopherol (mg/d)

6.6 (0.02)

6.8 (0.05)

7.1 (0.08)

7.1 (0.07)

<.0001

7.3 (0.01)

7.5 (0.03)

7.5 (0.05)

7.6 (0.05)

<.0001

nutrition intake

Vitamin B1 (mg/d)

1.05 (0.003)

1.10 (0.008)

1.08 (0.01)

1.11 (0.01)

<.0001

1.08 (0.002)

1.12 (0.006)

1.11 (0.009)

1.11 (0.008)

<.0001

(mean (SE))

Vitamin B2 (mg/d)

1.41 (0.003)

1.45 (0.009)

1.50 (0.02)

1.52 (0.01)

<.0001

1.43 (0.003)

1.46 (0.007)

1.51 (0.01)

1.54 (0.01)

<.0001

 

Niacin (mg/d)

20.1 (0.04)

20.1 (0.1)

20.6 (0.2)

20.4 (0.1)

0.002

18.1 (0.03)

18.1 (0.07)

18.2 (0.1)

18.3 (0.09)

0.08

 

Vitamin B6 (mg/d)

1.56 (0.002)

1.58 (0.006)

1.60 (0.01)

1.60 (0.01)

<.0001

1.46 (0.002)

1.47 (0.004)

1.48 (0.008)

1.49 (0.007)

<.0001

 

Vitamin B12 (μ g/d)

9.1 (0.03)

9.2 (0.09)

9.3 (0.1)

9.4 (0.1)

0.02

8.6 (0.03)

8.7 (0.06)

8.7 (0.1)

8.6 (0.09)

0.2

 

Folate (μ g/d)

377 (0.9)

385 (2.7)

401 (4.9)

399 (4.1)

<.0001

409 (0.9)

413 (2.2)

422 (3.8)

426 (3.1)

<.0001

 

Pantothenic acid (mg/d)

6.7 (0.01)

6.8 (0.03)

6.9 (0.05)

7.1 (0.05)

<.0001

6.6 (0.008)

6.7 (0.02)

6.8 (0.03)

6.9 (0.03)

<.0001

 

Vitamin C (mg/d)

118 (0.4)

122 (1.2)

128 (2.2)

130 (1.9)

<.0001

151 (0.5)

149 (1.1)

154 (1.7)

158 (1.6)

<.0001

 

Vitamin D (mg/d)

10.1 (0.04)

10.0 (0.1)

10.4 (0.2)

10.3 (0.2)

0.2

10.0 (0.04)

9.9 (0.09)

9.9 (0.1)

9.9 (0.1)

0.4

  1. Never use, neither past nor recent use; Past use, past use but not recent use; Recent use, recent use but not past use; Consistent use, both past and recent use.
  2. *SE, standard error; MET, metabolic equivalent task.
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