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Table 2 Association of socio-demographic, earthquake experiences and reproductive health factors with depression and anxiety

From: Reproductive health and access to healthcare facilities: risk factors for depression and anxiety in women with an earthquake experience

  

HSCL-25 Scores

 

HSCL-25 Scores

 
  

Depression

Anxiety

Depression

Anxiety

Variables

Total Sample

%(N=387)

1.0-1.74

%(N=179)

≥ 1.75

%(N=208)

1.0-1.74

%(N=144)

≥ 1.75

%(N=243)

Crude OR

[95% CI]

Adjusted OR

[95% CI] †

Crude OR

[95% CI]

Adjusted OR

[95% CI] †

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS

       

Age

         

   35-49

59.4

42.5

38.9

45.8

37.4

1.0

-

1.0

-

   15-34

40.6

57.5

61.1

54.2

62.6

1.2 [0.8-1.7]

 

1.4 [0.9-2.2]

 

Husband ever attended school

         

   Yes

71.8

67.7

75.5

66.0

75.3

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

   No

28.2

32.4

24.5

34.0

24.7

1.5 [1.0-2.3]

1.5 [0.9-2.3]

1.6 [1.0-2.5]

1.5 [1.0-2.5]

Lived with husband in last 12 months

         

   Yes

97.9

98.9

97.1

98.6

97.5

1.0

-

1.0

-

   No

2.1

1.1

2.9

1.4

2.5

2.6 [0.5-13.1]

 

1.8 [0.4-9.0]

 

Subjected to gender violence

by husband or family members

         

   No

86.6

88.8

84.6

91.7

83.5

1.0

-

1.0

1.0

   Yes

13.4

11.2

15.4

8.3

16.5

1.5 [0.8-2.6]

 

2.2 [1.1-4.3]

2.2 [1.1-4.3]

Lost family business or job

         

   No

58.4

64.2

53.4

61.1

56.8

1.0

1.0

1.0

-

   Yes

41.6

35.8

46.6

38.9

43.2

1.6 [1.0-2.4]

1.6 [1.0-2.4]

1.2 [0.8-1.8]

 

EARTHQUAKE EXPERIENCES

        

Separated for > two day

from family members

         

   No

74.9

83.8

67.3

83.3

70.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

   Yes

25.1

16.2

32.7

16.7

30.0

2.5 [1.5-4.1]

2.5 [1.5-4.0]

2.2 [1.3-3.6]

1.9 [1.1-3.3]

Saw neighbours or friends

or family members died

         

   No

71.8

74.3

69.8

78.1

68.2

1.0

-

1.0

1.0

   Yes

28.2

25.7

30.2

21.9

31.8

1.3 [0.8-2.0]

 

1.7 [1.0-2.7]

1.4 [0.9-2.3]

Slept > one night at a tent village

         

   Yes

24.0

20.7

26.9

18.1

27.6

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

   No

76.0

79.3

73.1

81.9

72.4

1.4 [0.9-2.3]

1.3 [0.8-2.1]

1.7 [1.0-2.9]

1.7 [1.0-2.8]

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH FACTORS

       

Ever had stillbirth

         

   No

93.1

4.0

9.5

95.8

91.5

1.0

1.0

1.0

-

   Yes

6.9

96.0

90.5

4.2

8.5

2.5 [1.0-6.2]

2.4 [1.0-6.0]

2.1 [0.8-5.4]

 

Abortions in last four years

after earthquake a

         

   No

92.3

95.5

89.6

96.5

89.8

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

   Yes

7.7

4.5

10.4

3.5

10.2

2.5 [1.1-5.7]

2.4 [1.0-5.8]

3.1 [1.2-8.3]

3.7 [1.3-10.6]

Complications with pregnancy

in last four years b

         

   Yes

78.1

82.6

74.1

84.3

74.0

1.0

-

1.0

1.0

   No

21.9

17.4

25.9

15.7

26.0

1.7 [0.9-3.1]

 

1.9 [1.0-3.6]

1.5 [0.8-2.9]

Had abnormal vaginal discharge or

genital ulcers or heard about STDs

         

   No

60.2

68.2

53.4

72.9

52.7

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

   Yes

39.8

31.8

46.6

27.1

47.3

1.9 [1.2-2.9]

1.6 [1.0-2.4]

2.4 [1.6-3.8]

1.7 [1.0-3.0]

Ever heard of contraceptives

(Injectables, vasectomy, rhythms)

         

   No

10.9

15.6

6.7

17.4

7.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

   Yes

89.1

84.4

93.3

82.6

93.0

2.6 [1.3-5.1]

2.6 [1.3-5.4]

2.8 [1.5-5.4]

2.9 [1.2-7.0]

Access to health facilities

         

   Easy access

74.4

90.5

60.6

92.4

63.8

1.0

 

1.0

 

   Difficult access

25.6

9.5

39.4

7.6

36.2

6.2 [3.5-11.0]

-

6.9 [3.5-13.4]

-

  1. Abbreviations: HSCL-25, Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25; OR, Odds Ratios; CI, Confidence Interval; STDs, Sexually Transmitted Diseases.
  2. †: Odds ratios mutually adjusted within each domain of socio-demographic, earthquake experiences and reproductive health.
  3. All variables with a P value of 0.05 or less in the univariate analysis were entered into the multivariate logistic regression analysis.
  4. a Women who ever got pregnant; N = 378; Depression (N): Below cut-off = 177, Above cut-off = 201; Anxiety (N): Below cut-off = 142, Above cut-off = 236.
  5. b Women who delivered in last four year after the earthquake, N = 256; Depression (N): Below cut-off = 121, Above cut-off = 135; Anxiety (N): Below cut-off = 102, Above cut-off = 154.