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Table 2 Adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for controlling behavior and risks of lifetime exposure to physical violence

From: Controlling behavior, power relations within intimate relationships and intimate partner physical and sexual violence against women in Nigeria

 

Model 1a

Model 2b

Model 3c

Model 4d

Characteristics

RR (95% CI)

RR (95% CI)

RR (95% CI)

RR (95% CI)

Control in relationships

    

Controlling behavior

    

No

1

1

1

1

Yes

2.77 (2.51 - 3.05)

2.51 (2.26 - 2.79)

2.87 (2.38 - 3.48)

3.04 (2.50 - 3.69)

Justifying wife beating

    

No

 

1

1

1

Yes

 

1.55 (1.42 - 1.69)

1.57 (1.34 - 1.84)

1.66 (1.40 - 1.96)

Decision-making autonomy

    

No

 

1

1

1

Yes

 

0.49 (0.44 - 0.54)

0.59 (0.49 - 0.70)

0.71 (0.59 - 0.86)

Relationship inequality

    

Spouses' relative earnings

    

Woman earns same

  

1

1

Woman earns less

  

0.89 (0.64 - 1.25)

1.09 (0.77 - 1.53)

Woman earns more

  

1.35 (0.86 - 2.10)

1.69 (1.07 - 1.53)

Woman's partner does not contribute

  

0.60 (0.36 - 0.98)

0.74 (0.44 - 1.22)

Spouses' relative education

    

Woman has same

  

1

1

Woman has less

  

0.73 (0.28 - 1.89)

0.87 (0.33 - 2.31)

Woman has more

  

1.45 (1.22 - 1.73)

1.20 (0.91 - 1.58)

Spouses' relative age

    

Woman same age

  

1

1

Woman younger

  

1.45 (0.69 - 3.08)

1.37 (0.64 - 2.93)

Woman older

  

1.05 (0.34 - 3.30)

0.97 (0.31 - 3.70)

Type of union

    

Monogamy

  

1

1

Polygamy

  

1.02 (0.85 - 1.21)

1.09 (0.91 - 1.32)

Demographic & socioeconomic characteristics

    

Women's age

    

≤ 24

   

0.98 (0.77 - 1.23)

25 - 34

   

1.20 (1.00 - 1.43)

≥ 35

   

1

Women's education

    

No education

   

0.73 (0.41 - 1.28)

Primary

   

1.08 (0.77 - 1.52)

Secondary or higher

   

1

Women's occupation

    

Professional/technical/management

   

1

Clerical/sales/services/skilled manual

   

1.52 (0.33 - 2.31)

Agricultural self-employed/agricultural employee/

household & domestic/unskilled manual

   

3.00 (1.99 - 4.51)

Not working

   

1.73 (0.46 - 3.92)

Partner's education

    

No education

   

0.64 (0.38 - 1.07)

Primary

   

1.00 (0.72 - 1.38)

Secondary or higher

   

1

Partner's occupation

    

Professional/technical/management

   

1

Clerical/sales/services/skilled manual

   

1.00 (0.72 - 1.41)

Agricultural self-employed/agricultural employee/household & domestic/unskilled manual

   

0.98 (0.68 - 1.41)

Place of residence

    

Urban

   

1

Rural

   

1.28 (1.06 - 1.56)

-2 Log likelihood

15428.90

13600.19

4414.89

4261.09

  1. a Controlling behavior only; b Added other measures of control; c Included relationship inequality; d Further included demographic and socio-economic characteristics;