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Table 2 Comparison of subcutaneous adiposity and fat distribution variables among four ethnic groups by sex (adjusted mean ± standard error)

From: Ethnic differences in body fat distribution among Asian pre-pubertal children: A cross-sectional multicenter study

 

Chinese

Lebanese

Malays

Thais

Bonferroni comparisons

Boys

     

   Waist circumference (cm)※

66.7 ± 0.3§

64.1 ± 0.4

62.6 ± 0.3§

65.9 ± 0.4

P < 0.001 C = T > L > M

   Skinfold

     

Biceps (mm)#

7.9 ± 0.2

9.1 ± 0.3§

9.5 ± 0.2

6.6 ± 0.3

P < 0.001 C = L = M > T

Triceps (mm)#

15.5 ± 0.3

11.9 ± 0.4

13.0 ± 0.3

12.3 ± 0.4§

P < 0.001 C > L = M = T

Subscapular (mm)#

12.1 ± 0.4

11.4 ± 0.5

12.7 ± 0.4

-

P = 0.115

Supraspinale (mm)#

15.1 ± 0.4

9.4 ± 0.5

12.1 ± 0.4

12.0 ± 0.5

P < 0.001, C > M = T > L

Medial calf (mm)#

-

14.1 ± 0.4

11.8 ± 0.3

10.1 ± 0.4§

P < 0.001, L > M >T

Trunk (mm) #

28.0 ± 0.7

21.6 ± 0.9

25.6 ± 0.8

-

P < 0.001, C = M > L

Trunk/upper extremity ratio #

1.15 ± 0.02

0.92 ± 0.03

0.99 ± 0.02

-

P < 0.001, C > M > L

Supraspinale/upper extremity ratio #

0.62 ± 0.01

0.42 ± 0.02§

0.48 ± 0.0§

0.60 ± 0.02

P < 0.001, C = T > M > L

Subscapular/supraspinale ratio†

0.88 ± 0.03

1.17 ± 0.04§

1.09 ± 0.04§

-

P < 0.001, C < L = M

Girls

     

Waist circumference (cm)※

63.4 ± 0.3

61.9 ± 0.3

59.7 ± 0.3

64.0 ± 0.3

P < 0.001, C = T > L > M

Skinfold

     

   Biceps (mm)#

7.7 ± 0.2

8.2 ± 0.2

9.7 ± 0.2

6.7 ± 0.2

P < 0.001, M > L > C = T

   Triceps (mm)#

15.2 ± 0.3

11.7 ± 0.3

13.1 ± 0.3

13.2 ± 0.3

P < 0.001, C > M = T > L

   Subscapular (mm)#

11.4 ± 0.3

9.8 ± 0.3

11.3 ± 0.3

-

P = 0.003, C = M > L

   Supraspinale (mm)#

14.9 ± 0.4

10.0 ± 0.4

12.6 ± 0.4

13.1 ± 0.4

P <0.001, C > M = T > L

   Medial calf (mm)#

-

14.5 ± 0.4

13.5 ± 0.3

11.9 ± 0.3

P = 0.009, L > M = T

   Trunk (mm) #

26.2 ± 0.6

19.7 ± 0.7

23.9 ± 0.6

-

P < 0.001,C > M > L

   Trunk/upper extremity ratio #

1.13 ± 0.02

0.94 ± 0.02

0.99 ± 0.02

-

P < 0.001,C > L = M

   Supraspinale/upper extremity ratio #

0.63 ± 0.01

0.47 ± 0.01

0.52 ± 0.01

0.64 ± 0.01

P < 0.001, C = T > M > L

   Subscapular/supraspinale ratio†

0.84 ± 0.02

1.06 ± 0.03

0.98 ± 0.03

-

P < 0.001, L = M > C

  1. § Significant difference in adjusted mean value between boys and girls within each ethnic group using ANCOVA with Bonferroni multiple comparisons procedure
  2. ※Adjusted for BMI and age
  3. # Adjusted for body fat mass and age
  4. † Adjusted for trunk fat
  5. C: Chinese; L: Lebanese; M: Malays; T: Thais