Table 1 Summary of study characteristics

Butte et al [12]

1030 4 - 19y old Hispanic children/adolescences, who are either overweight or have ≥ 1 overweight sibling, USA.

1y

24 hr recall; DED_FC

BW gain (kg/y)

Sex, age, age², Tanner stage and BMI, all assessed at BL.

Deierlein et al [13]

2006 16-47y old pregnant women (≥ 16y), USA.

~9mo

FFQ; DED_FC: Quartile 1-4 = 0.71, 0.86, 0.98 and 1.21

Gestational BW gain

Pregravid BMI, gestational age and residual energy intake.

Iqbal et al [14]

2025 30-60y old male and female adults. The 1936 cohort and WHO MONICA1, Dk.

5y

Diary; DED_FD

Change in BW

BMI, age, leisure time physical activity, smoking status, educational level all assessed at BL; cohort.

Johnson et al [15]

1432 7y old children; ALSPAC, UK.

2y

Diary; DED_FO

Adiposity defined by FMI; Quintile 5 vs. 1 - 4

BL energy misreporting, total EI, EI from drinks, dietary fat and fiber intake, sex, BL overweight, TV watching, maternal BMI and education.

McCaffrey et al [16]

115 6-8y old children from Coleraine, Northern Ireland.

7y

Diary; DED_FO

FMI; Tertile 3 vs. 1 and 2

Sex, BL diet misreporting and FU Tanner stage.

Savage et al [17]

192 24-47y old Non-Hispanic women (n: Tertiles 1-3 = 61, 63&59) living in Pennsylvania, USA.

6y

24 hr recall; DED_FO: Tertiles 1-3 = 1.3, 1.7 and 2.1

Change in BW

The analysis of interest was unadjusted.