From: Folic acid supplementation before and during pregnancy in the Newborn Epigenetics STudy (NEST)
 | FOLIC-ACID USE BEFORE PREGNANCY | FOLIC-ACID USE DURING PREGNANCY | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | None n = 265 | <1,000 μg/day n = 209 | ≥ 1,000 μg/day n = 64 | <1,000 μg/day OR(95%CI) | ≥ 1,000 μg/day OR(95%CI) | None n = 182 | <1,000 μg/day n = 295 | ≥ 1,000 μg/day n = 62 | <1,000 μg/day OR(95%CI) | ≥ 1,000 μg/day OR(95%CI) |
Maternal age at beginning of pregnancy | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
<25 years | 107 | 50 | 9 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 69 | 81 | 16 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
25-34 years | 117 | 107 | 36 | 1.42 (0.83-2.43) | 2.21 (0.87-5.59) | 90 | 137 | 33 | 0.65 (0.37- 1.14) | 0.82 (0.32-2.09) |
35+ | 41 | 51 | 19 | 1.31 (0.68-2.54) | 2.20 (0.76-6.42) | 22 | 77 | 12 | 1.60 (0.77-3.33) | 1.49 (0.44-5.06) |
Maternal ethnicity | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
African American | 165 | 71 | 21 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 137 | 98 | 22 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Caucasian | 85 | 122 | 39 | 2.00 (1.18-3.38) | 2.99 (1.28- 7.00) | 35 | 175 | 36 | 4.70 (2.60-8.51) | 5.09 (2.07-12.49) |
Asian/Native American | 12 | 12 | 2 | 1.04 (0.39-2.80) | 0.87 (0.15- 5.00) | 8 | 16 | 2 | 1.10 (0.40-3.01) | 0.77 (0.13-4.52) |
Maternal marital status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Married or live with partner | 127 | 164 | 49 | 2.66 (1.59-4.45) | 1.92 (0.86-4.33) | 84 | 215 | 40 | 1.44 (0.87-2.41) | 1.10 (0.46-2.69) |
Not married or living with partner | 137 | 45 | 15 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 97 | 80 | 21 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Maternal education | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Less than high school | 41 | 19 | 2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 26 | 31 | 6 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
High school graduate/GED | 97 | 39 | 10 | 1.12 (0.47-2.65) | 3.40 (0.37-31.1) | 78 | 61 | 7 | 0.85 (0.38-1.93) | 0.62 (0.13-3.01) |
College graduate/Graduate school Some college | 126 | 151 | 52 | 1.70 (0.74-3.90) | 7.60 (0.89-65.2) | 77 | 203 | 48 | 1.69 (0.74-3.86) | 2.37 (0.53-10.6) |
Second hand smoke | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | 98 | 47 | 13 | 0.63 (0.36-1.12) | 1.42 (0.57-3.50) | 73 | 69 | 16 | 0.48 (0.27-0.84) | 0.54 (0.21-1.38) |
No | 165 | 159 | 50 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 107 | 222 | 45 | 1.00 | Â |
Parity | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
One | 80 | 71 | 22 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 45 | 103 | 25 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Two | 51 | 46 | 16 | 1.02 (0.55-1.90) | 1.63 (0.65-4.09) | 36 | 63 | 14 | 0.90 (0.46-1.78) | 0.73 (0.26-2.04) |
Three or more | 126 | 89 | 25 | 1.07 (0.62-1.85) | 1.74 (0.69-4.04) | 94 | 126 | 20 | 1.12 (0.61-2.04) | 0.65 (0.26-1.62) |
Pre-pregnancy body mass index | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
<25 kg/m2 | 76 | 67 | 27 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 46 | 101 | 24 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
≥25 kg/m2 | 155 | 114 | 32 | 1.07 (0.67-1.71) | 0.79 (0.39-1.59) | 108 | 164 | 29 | 0.83 (0.50-1.39) | 0.46 (0.20-1.05) |
Co-morbid conditions | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Any chronic disease | 105 | 77 | 13 | 0.83 (0.52-1.31) | 0.45 (0.21-0.97) | 70 | 101 | 24 | 0.92 (0.56-1.50) | 0.95 (0.43-2.12) |
None | 159 | 131 | 51 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 110 | 194 | 37 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Cigarette smoking during pregnancy | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | 69 | 36 | 7 | 0.82 (0.43-1.56) | 0.40 (0.12-1.28) | 36 | 64 | 13 | 2.37 (1.21-4.65) | 1.39 (0.46-4.19) |
No | 195 | 173 | 57 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 145 | 231 | 48 | 1.00 | 1.00 |