From: Socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics of illegal motorcycle street racers in Malaysia
Socio-demographic variables | All participants N = 2022 n(%) | Illegal motorcycle street racing frequency n (%) | Logistic regression Model 1 | Stunt riding n(%) | Logistic regression Model 2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Very often/ Often n= 620 | Sometimes/ Rarely n= 1402 | P | Exp (B) (95.0% C.I.) | Racing and perform stunt n= 1014 | Racing only n= 1008 | P | Exp (B) (95.0% C.I.) | ||
Personal characteristics | |||||||||
Ethnicity | |||||||||
Malay bumiputra | 1850 (91.5) | 567 (31.3) | 1274 (68.9) | 2.12 (1.19 - 3.76) * | 938 (50.7) | 912 (49.3) | 2.45 (1.52 - 3.93) *** | ||
Chinese | 68 (3.4) | 25 (36.8) | 43 (63.2) | < 0.05 | 2.60 (1.20 - 5.65) * | 39 (57.4) | 29 (42.6) | < 0.01 | 2.51 (1.24 - 5.06) * |
Indian | 100 (4.9) | 19 (19.0) | 81 (81.0) | Reference | 37 (37.0) | 63 (63.0) | Reference | ||
Non-Malay bumiputra¶ | 4 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (100.0) | ||||
Age | |||||||||
15 and below | 53 (2.6) | 15 (28.3) | 38 (71.7) | 27 (50.9) | 26 (49.1) | ||||
16 to 25 | 1829 (90.5) | 553 (30.2) | 1276 (69.8) | ns | - | 915 (50.0) | 914 (50.0) | ns | - |
26 to 35 | 140 (6.9) | 52 (37.1) | 88 (62.9) | 72 (51.4) | 68 (48.6) | ||||
Marital status | |||||||||
Never married | 1926 (95.3) | 583 (30.3) | 1343 (69.7) | 968 (50.3) | 958 (49.7) | ||||
Married | 83 (4.1) | 31 (37.3) | 52 (62.7) | ns | - | 39 (47.0) | 44 (53.0) | ns | - |
Separated/divorced/widowed | 13 (0.6) | 6 (46.2) | 7 (53.8) | 7 (53.8) | 6 (46.2) | ||||
Education attainment | |||||||||
Primary school | 199 (9.9) | 82 (41.2) | 117 (58.8) | 2.09 (1.29 - 3.40) ** | 123 (61.8) | 76 (38.2) | 2.60 (1.67 - 4.04) *** | ||
Secondary school | 1454 (71.9) | 462 (31.8) | 992 (68.2) | < 0.001 | 1.87 (1.34 - 2.61) *** | 767 (52.8) | 687 (47.2) | < 0.001 | 1.99 (1.50 - 2.64) *** |
University | 369 (18.2) | 76 (20.6) | 293 (79.4) | Reference | 124 (33.6) | 245 (66.4) | Reference | ||
Occupation | |||||||||
Professional and managerial | 144 (7.2) | 45 (31.3) | 99 (68.8) | 1.59 (1.00 - 2.51) * | 61 (42.4) | 83 (57.6) | |||
Skilled workers | 350 (17.3) | 112 (32.0) | 238 (68.0) | 1.25(0.91 - 1.71) | 184 (52.6) | 166 (47.4) | |||
Unskilled workers | 461 (22.8) | 130 (28.2) | 331 (71.9) | < 0.05 | 0.81 (0.59 - 1.10) | 248 (53.8) | 213 (46.2) | ns | - |
Unemployed | 299 (14.8) | 99 (33.1) | 200 (66.9) | 1.10 (0.79 - 1.53) | 152 (50.8) | 147 (49.2) | |||
Student | 768 (38.0) | 234 (30.5) | 534 (69.5) | Reference | 369 (48.0) | 399 (52.0) | |||
Personal monthly income (RM) † ‡ | |||||||||
500 and below | 54 (5.9) | 12 (22.2) | 42 (77.8) | 26 (48.1) | 28 (51.9) | ||||
501-1000 | 613 (66.6) | 200 (32.6) | 413 (67.4) | ns | - | 326 (53.2) | 278 (46.8) | ns | - |
1001-2000 | 219 (23.8) | 55 (25.1) | 164 (74.9) | 111 (50.7) | 108 (49.3) | ||||
above 2001 | 35 (3.8) | 12 (34.3) | 23 (65.7) | 14 (40.0) | 21 (60.0) | ||||
Locality | |||||||||
Urban | 1114 (55.1) | 348 (31.2) | 766 (68.8) | ns | - | 571 (51.3) | 543 (48.7) | ns | - |
Rural | 908 (44.9) | 272 (30.0) | 636 (70.0) | 443 (48.8) | 465 (51.2) | ||||
Family characteristics | |||||||||
Parental marital status | |||||||||
Married | 1736 (85.9) | 481 (27.7) | 1255 (72.3) | < 0.001 | 0.47 (0.35 - 0.63)*** | 849 (48.9) | 887 (51.1) | < 0.05 | 0.91 (0.68 - 1.22) |
Separated or divorced | 286 (14.1) | 139 (48.6) | 147 (51.4) | Reference | 165 (57.7) | 121 (42.3) | |||
Household monthly income (RM) † ‡ | |||||||||
1000 and below | 385 (21.8) | 136 (35.3) | 249 (64.7) | 2.03 (1.38 - 2.99) *** | 192 (49.9) | 193 (50.1) | 1.02 (0.73 - 1.42) | ||
1001-2000 | 710 (40.2) | 231 (32.5) | 479 (67.5) | < 0.001 | 1.84 (1.31 - 2.59) *** | 373 (52.5) | 337 (47.5) | < 0.05 | 1.20 (0.90 - 1.61) |
2001-3000 | 363 (20.5) | 105 (28.9) | 258 (71.1) | 1.49 (1.02 - 2.16) * | 197 (54.3) | 166 (45.7) | 1.21 (0.87 - 1.69) | ||
above 3001 | 310 (17.5) | 65 (21.6) | 245 (79.0) | Reference | 133 (42.9) | 177 (57.1) | Reference | ||
Maternal education attainment | |||||||||
No formal schooling | 203 (10.0) | 78 (38.4) | 125 (61.6) | 0.60 (0.33 - 1.10) | 100 (49.3) | 103 (50.7) | |||
Primary school | 307 (15.2) | 86 (28.0) | 221 (72.0) | < 0.05 | 0.50 (0.31 - 0.83)** | 160 (52.1) | 147 (47.9) | ns | - |
Secondary school | 1224 (60.5) | 357 (29.2) | 867 (70.8) | 0.78 (0.54 - 1.14) | 591 (48.3) | 633 (51.7) | |||
University | 288 (14.2) | 99 (34.4) | 189 (65.6) | Reference | 163 (56.6) | 125 (43.4) | |||
Paternal education attainment | |||||||||
No formal schooling | 167 (8.3) | 69 (41.3) | 98 (58.7) | 1.41 (0.76 - 2.61) | 79 (47.3) | 88 (52.7) | |||
Primary school | 306 (15.1) | 94 (30.7) | 212 (69.3) | < 0.05 | 1.04 (0.65 - 1.66) | 154 (50.3) | 152 (49.7) | ns | - |
Secondary school | 1195 (59.1) | 348 (29.1) | 847 (70.9) | 0.84 (0.59 - 1.20) | 587 (49.1) | 608 (50.9) | |||
University | 354 (17.5) | 109 (30.8) | 245 (69.2) | Reference | 194 (54.8) | 160 (45.2) | |||
Parental strictness | |||||||||
Neither parent strict | 560 (27.7) | 228 (40.7) | 332 (59.3) | 1.99 (1.47 - 2.68) *** | 356 (63.6) | 204 (39.4) | 2.22 (1.68 - 2.92) *** | ||
At least one parent strict | 850 (42.1) | 267 (31.4) | 584 (68.6) | < 0.001 | 1.67 (1.26 - 2.20) *** | 420 (49.4) | 431 (50.6) | < 0.001 | 1.61 (1.26 - 2.05) *** |
Both parents strict | 611 (30.2) | 125 (20.5) | 486 (79.5) | Reference | 238 (39.0) | 373 (61.0) | Reference | ||
Health behavior | |||||||||
Health protective behavior score (mean ± SD), ranged 0-8 | 4.1 ± 2.1 | 4.2 ± 2.2 | 4.1 ± 2.1 | ns | - | 4.4 ±2.1 | 3.8 ± 2.1 | < 0.001 | 1.20 (1.14 - 1.27) *** |
Health risk behavior score (mean ± SD), ranged 0-5 | 2.1 ± 1.1 | 2.2 ± 1.2 | 1.9 ± 1.0 | < 0.001 | 1.20 (1.08 - 1.32) *** | 2.3 ± 1.2 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | < 0.001 | 1.56 (1.41 - 1.72) *** |
Masculinity | |||||||||
Masculinity score (mean ± SD), ranged 0-21 | 15.7 ± 4.0 | 16.3 ± 4.2 | 15.4 ± 3.9 | < 0.001 | 1.08 (1.04 - 1.11) *** | 16.0 ± 4.1 | 15.4 ± 3.8 | < 0.001 | 1.06 (1.03 - 1.08) *** |