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Table 1 Distribution of socio-demographic characteristics of participants and logistic regression analyses (N = 2022)

From: Socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics of illegal motorcycle street racers in Malaysia

Socio-demographic variables

All participants

N = 2022

n(%)

Illegal motorcycle street racing frequency

n (%)

Logistic regression Model 1

Stunt riding

n(%)

Logistic regression

Model 2

  

Very often/

Often

n= 620

Sometimes/

Rarely

n= 1402

P

Exp (B)

(95.0% C.I.)

Racing and perform stunt

n= 1014

Racing only

n= 1008

P

Exp (B)

(95.0% C.I.)

Personal characteristics

         

Ethnicity

         

Malay bumiputra

1850 (91.5)

567 (31.3)

1274 (68.9)

 

2.12 (1.19 - 3.76) *

938 (50.7)

912 (49.3)

 

2.45 (1.52 - 3.93) ***

Chinese

68 (3.4)

25 (36.8)

43 (63.2)

< 0.05

2.60 (1.20 - 5.65) *

39 (57.4)

29 (42.6)

< 0.01

2.51 (1.24 - 5.06) *

Indian

100 (4.9)

19 (19.0)

81 (81.0)

 

Reference

37 (37.0)

63 (63.0)

 

Reference

Non-Malay bumiputra

4 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

4 (100.0)

  

0 (0.0)

4 (100.0)

  

Age

         

15 and below

53 (2.6)

15 (28.3)

38 (71.7)

  

27 (50.9)

26 (49.1)

  

16 to 25

1829 (90.5)

553 (30.2)

1276 (69.8)

ns

-

915 (50.0)

914 (50.0)

ns

-

26 to 35

140 (6.9)

52 (37.1)

88 (62.9)

  

72 (51.4)

68 (48.6)

  

Marital status

         

Never married

1926 (95.3)

583 (30.3)

1343 (69.7)

  

968 (50.3)

958 (49.7)

  

Married

83 (4.1)

31 (37.3)

52 (62.7)

ns

-

39 (47.0)

44 (53.0)

ns

-

Separated/divorced/widowed

13 (0.6)

6 (46.2)

7 (53.8)

  

7 (53.8)

6 (46.2)

  

Education attainment

         

Primary school

199 (9.9)

82 (41.2)

117 (58.8)

 

2.09 (1.29 - 3.40) **

123 (61.8)

76 (38.2)

 

2.60 (1.67 - 4.04) ***

Secondary school

1454 (71.9)

462 (31.8)

992 (68.2)

< 0.001

1.87 (1.34 - 2.61) ***

767 (52.8)

687 (47.2)

< 0.001

1.99 (1.50 - 2.64) ***

University

369 (18.2)

76 (20.6)

293 (79.4)

 

Reference

124 (33.6)

245 (66.4)

 

Reference

Occupation

         

Professional and managerial

144 (7.2)

45 (31.3)

99 (68.8)

 

1.59 (1.00 - 2.51) *

61 (42.4)

83 (57.6)

  

Skilled workers

350 (17.3)

112 (32.0)

238 (68.0)

 

1.25(0.91 - 1.71)

184 (52.6)

166 (47.4)

  

Unskilled workers

461 (22.8)

130 (28.2)

331 (71.9)

< 0.05

0.81 (0.59 - 1.10)

248 (53.8)

213 (46.2)

ns

-

Unemployed

299 (14.8)

99 (33.1)

200 (66.9)

 

1.10 (0.79 - 1.53)

152 (50.8)

147 (49.2)

  

Student

768 (38.0)

234 (30.5)

534 (69.5)

 

Reference

369 (48.0)

399 (52.0)

  

Personal monthly income (RM)

         

500 and below

54 (5.9)

12 (22.2)

42 (77.8)

  

26 (48.1)

28 (51.9)

  

501-1000

613 (66.6)

200 (32.6)

413 (67.4)

ns

-

326 (53.2)

278 (46.8)

ns

-

1001-2000

219 (23.8)

55 (25.1)

164 (74.9)

  

111 (50.7)

108 (49.3)

  

above 2001

35 (3.8)

12 (34.3)

23 (65.7)

  

14 (40.0)

21 (60.0)

  

Locality

         

Urban

1114 (55.1)

348 (31.2)

766 (68.8)

ns

-

571 (51.3)

543 (48.7)

ns

-

Rural

908 (44.9)

272 (30.0)

636 (70.0)

  

443 (48.8)

465 (51.2)

  

Family characteristics

         

Parental marital status

         

Married

1736 (85.9)

481 (27.7)

1255 (72.3)

< 0.001

0.47 (0.35 - 0.63)***

849 (48.9)

887 (51.1)

< 0.05

0.91 (0.68 - 1.22)

Separated or divorced

286 (14.1)

139 (48.6)

147 (51.4)

 

Reference

165 (57.7)

121 (42.3)

  

Household monthly income (RM)

         

1000 and below

385 (21.8)

136 (35.3)

249 (64.7)

 

2.03 (1.38 - 2.99) ***

192 (49.9)

193 (50.1)

 

1.02 (0.73 - 1.42)

1001-2000

710 (40.2)

231 (32.5)

479 (67.5)

< 0.001

1.84 (1.31 - 2.59) ***

373 (52.5)

337 (47.5)

< 0.05

1.20 (0.90 - 1.61)

2001-3000

363 (20.5)

105 (28.9)

258 (71.1)

 

1.49 (1.02 - 2.16) *

197 (54.3)

166 (45.7)

 

1.21 (0.87 - 1.69)

above 3001

310 (17.5)

65 (21.6)

245 (79.0)

 

Reference

133 (42.9)

177 (57.1)

 

Reference

Maternal education attainment

         

No formal schooling

203 (10.0)

78 (38.4)

125 (61.6)

 

0.60 (0.33 - 1.10)

100 (49.3)

103 (50.7)

  

Primary school

307 (15.2)

86 (28.0)

221 (72.0)

< 0.05

0.50 (0.31 - 0.83)**

160 (52.1)

147 (47.9)

ns

-

Secondary school

1224 (60.5)

357 (29.2)

867 (70.8)

 

0.78 (0.54 - 1.14)

591 (48.3)

633 (51.7)

  

University

288 (14.2)

99 (34.4)

189 (65.6)

 

Reference

163 (56.6)

125 (43.4)

  

Paternal education attainment

         

No formal schooling

167 (8.3)

69 (41.3)

98 (58.7)

 

1.41 (0.76 - 2.61)

79 (47.3)

88 (52.7)

  

Primary school

306 (15.1)

94 (30.7)

212 (69.3)

< 0.05

1.04 (0.65 - 1.66)

154 (50.3)

152 (49.7)

ns

-

Secondary school

1195 (59.1)

348 (29.1)

847 (70.9)

 

0.84 (0.59 - 1.20)

587 (49.1)

608 (50.9)

  

University

354 (17.5)

109 (30.8)

245 (69.2)

 

Reference

194 (54.8)

160 (45.2)

  

Parental strictness

         

Neither parent strict

560 (27.7)

228 (40.7)

332 (59.3)

 

1.99 (1.47 - 2.68) ***

356 (63.6)

204 (39.4)

 

2.22 (1.68 - 2.92) ***

At least one parent strict

850 (42.1)

267 (31.4)

584 (68.6)

< 0.001

1.67 (1.26 - 2.20) ***

420 (49.4)

431 (50.6)

< 0.001

1.61 (1.26 - 2.05) ***

Both parents strict

611 (30.2)

125 (20.5)

486 (79.5)

 

Reference

238 (39.0)

373 (61.0)

 

Reference

Health behavior

         

Health protective behavior score

(mean ± SD), ranged 0-8

4.1 ± 2.1

4.2 ± 2.2

4.1 ± 2.1

ns

-

4.4 ±2.1

3.8 ± 2.1

< 0.001

1.20 (1.14 - 1.27) ***

Health risk behavior score

(mean ± SD), ranged 0-5

2.1 ± 1.1

2.2 ± 1.2

1.9 ± 1.0

< 0.001

1.20 (1.08 - 1.32) ***

2.3 ± 1.2

1.8 ± 0.9

< 0.001

1.56 (1.41 - 1.72) ***

Masculinity

         

Masculinity score

(mean ± SD), ranged 0-21

15.7 ± 4.0

16.3 ± 4.2

15.4 ± 3.9

< 0.001

1.08 (1.04 - 1.11) ***

16.0 ± 4.1

15.4 ± 3.8

< 0.001

1.06 (1.03 - 1.08) ***

  1. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001.
  2. † Number of respondents less than 2022 (total respondent) due to non-applicable/non-response.
  3. ‡ The national average monthly household income in Malaysian Ringgit (RM) is RM3,686 (US$1 = RM3.08, as of November 6, 2010)
  4. Non-Malay bumiputra was not included in logistic regression due to small number
  5. Model 1 Binary logistic regression for illegal motorcycle street racing racing frequency very often/often versus sometimes/rarely; Hosmer and Lemeshow test, χ2 (8) = 11.228, P = 0.189
  6. Model 2 Binary logistic regression for racing and perform stunts versus racing only; Hosmer and Lemeshow test, χ2 (8) = 4.787, P = 0.780