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Table 5 Multivariate analyses of early life determinants of chronic inflammation and endothelial activation

From: Early life socioeconomic adversity is associated in adult life with chronic inflammation, carotid atherosclerosis, poorer lung function and decreased cognitive performance: a cross-sectional, population-based study

 

FEV1 β (95% CI)

log(CRT, Thinking) β (95% CI)

STROOP β (95% CI)

AVLT β (95% CI)

Plaque Presencef OR (95% CI)

Model 0 a

Age

-0.186 (-0.221, -0.152)***

0.055 (0.044, 0.067)***

-2.98 (-4.00, -1.96)***

-0.259 (-0.382, -0.137)***

1.53 (1.35, 1.74)***

Sex

-0.957 (-1.072, -0.843)***

0.042 (0.003, 0.080)*

1.12 (-2.19, 4.43)

0.497 (0.092, 0.902)*

0.55 (0.37, 0.82)**

R 2

48.6%

17.0%

7.4%

5.0%

15.9%

Model 1 b

Age

-0.144 (-0.173, -0.114)***

0.047 (0.035, 0.060)***

-2.72 (-3.77, -1.67)***

-0.195 (-0.322, -0.067)**

1.51 (1.32, 1.74)***

Sex

-0.358 (-0.495, -0.221)***

-0.009 (-0.065, 0.047)

1.73 (-3.11, 6.58)

1.102 (0.512, 1.691)***

0.34 (0.18, 0.65)**

Parental home status

-0.072 (-0.191, 0.046)

0.020 (-0.029, 0.069)

-2.07 (-6.27, 2.12)

-0.301 (-0.813, 0.210)

1.29 (0.76, 2.19)

Fathers occupation cat.

-0.135 (-0.244, -0.026)*

0.036 (-0.009, 0.081)

-5.62 (-9.50, -1.74)**

-0.436 (-0.908, 0.036)

1.81 (1.11, 2.94)*

People/room

-0.082 (-0.153, -0.010)*

0.023 (-0.005, 0.051)

-0.10 (-2.59, 2.39)

-0.083 (-0.382, 0.215)

1.05 (0.76, 1.46)

Number of siblings

-0.023 (-0.058, 0.011)

0.006 (-0.007, 0.020)

-0.46 (-1.63, 0.70)

-0.076 (-0.220, 0.068)

1.08 (0.93, 1.26)

Leg length

0.034 (0.024, 0.044)***

0.001 (-0.003, 0.005)

-0.41 (-0.78, -0.05)*

0.015 (-0.028, 0.059)

0.98 (0.93, 1.02)

Trunk length

0.051 (0.039, 0.063)***

-0.008 (-0.013, -0.003)**

0.51 (0.06, 0.95)*

0.069 (0.016, 0.121)*

0.97 (0.91, 1.02)

R 2

67.0%

22.7%

13.0%

10.8%

22.0%

F-Test vs. Model 0

p < 0.0001

p < 0.0001

p = 0.0002

p = 0.0001

p = 0.0006

Model 2 c

Age

-0.133 (-0.163, -0.104)***

0.044 (0.032, 0.057)***

-2.804 (-3.871, -1.737)***

-0.194 (-0.322, -0.066)**

1.53 (1.33, 1.77)***

Sex

-0.400 (-0.534, -0.266)***

0.003 (-0.053, 0.059)

1.504 (-3.350, 6.358)

1.009 (0.425, 1.594)***

0.34 (0.18, 0.65)**

Parental home status

-0.028 (-0.144, 0.088)

0.009 (-0.040, 0.057)

-1.738 (-5.948, 2.472)

-0.212 (-0.719, 0.295)

1.30 (0.76, 2.22)

Fathers occupation cat.

-0.093 (-0.200, 0.014)

0.024 (-0.021, 0.069)

-5.330 (-9.228, -1.432)**

-0.349 (-0.818, 0.120)

1.82 (1.11, 2.99)*

People/room

-0.070 (-0.139, 0.000)

0.019 (-0.010, 0.047)

0.241 (-2.251, 2.733)

-0.016 (-0.312, 0.279)

1.04 (0.74, 1.45)

Number of siblings

-0.020 (-0.054, 0.014)

0.006 (-0.007, 0.020)

-0.352 (-1.513, 0.808)

-0.059 (-0.201, 0.083)

1.08 (0.93, 1.26)

Leg length

0.032 (0.022, 0.042)***

0.002 (-0.002, 0.006)

-0.436 (-0.804, -0.067)*

0.009 (-0.034, 0.052)

0.98 (0.93, 1.02)

Trunk length

0.048 (0.036, 0.060)***

-0.007 (-0.012, -0.002)**

0.498 (0.052, 0.944)*

0.062 (0.010, 0.114)*

0.96 (0.91, 1.02)

ICAM

-0.334 (-0.524, -0.145)***

0.088 (0.008, 0.167)*

-8.734 (-15.589, -1.879)*

-1.674 (-2.505, -0.842)***

1.43 (0.59, 3.48)

IL-6

-0.096 (-0.174, -0.017)*

0.032 (0.000, 0.064)

1.428 (-1.382, 4.237)

0.118 (-0.219, 0.455)

0.84 (0.59, 1.21)

R 2

69.1%

25.1%

14.3%

14.0%

22.3%

F-Test vs. Model 1

p < 0.0001

p = 0.0011

p = 0.0444

p = 0.0003

p = 0.5709

F-Test omit Early Life variables

p < 0.0001

p = 0.0073

p = 0.0017

p = 0.0199

p = 0.0021

Model 3 d

     

Age

-0.147 (-0.177, -0.118)***

0.046 (0.034, 0.058)***

-2.59 (-3.63, -1.55)***

-0.155 (-0.282, -0.027)*

1.58 (1.36, 1.84)***

Sex

-0.412 (-0.545, -0.279)***

0.011 (-0.044, 0.066)

0.07 (-4.67, 4.80)

0.972 (0.392, 1.551)**

0.37 (0.19, 0.72)**

Parental home status

-0.027 (-0.143, 0.089)

-0.011 (-0.059, 0.037)

0.17 (-3.96, 4.29)

0.018 (-0.488, 0.524)

1.19 (0.68, 2.08)

Fathers occupation cat.

-0.081 (-0.189, 0.026)

0.017 (-0.027, 0.061)

-3.80 (-7.63, 0.03)

-0.186 (-0.652, 0.280)

1.57 (0.94, 2.61)

People/room

-0.060 (-0.130, 0.009)

0.010 (-0.017, 0.038)

0.87 (-1.56, 3.29)

0.055 (-0.237, 0.347)

0.99 (0.71, 1.39)

Number of siblings

-0.012 (-0.045, 0.022)

0.001 (-0.012, 0.014)

0.04 (-1.09, 1.17)

-0.029 (-0.169, 0.111)

1.07 (0.92, 1.25)

Leg length

0.032 (0.023, 0.042)***

0.002 (-0.002, 0.006)

-0.46 (-0.81, -0.10)*

0.007 (-0.035, 0.049)

0.98 (0.93, 1.03)

Trunk length

0.042 (0.030, 0.054)***

-0.004 (-0.009, 0.001)

0.16 (-0.29, 0.60)

0.026 (-0.026, 0.079)

0.98 (0.92, 1.04)

Current smoker

-0.232 (-0.356, -0.108)***

-0.008 (-0.058, 0.043)

0.51 (-3.83, 4.85)

-0.051 (-0.587, 0.486)

1.53 (0.85, 2.78)

Years of Education

0.008 (-0.007, 0.023)

-0.003 (-0.009, 0.003)

0.09 (-0.41, 0.59)

0.062 (0.000, 0.123)

0.91 (0.85, 0.98)*

Current home status

-0.115 (-0.253, 0.023)

0.089 (0.033, 0.145)**

-7.09 (-11.94, -2.24)**

-0.287 (-0.877, 0.302)

1.44 (0.75, 2.77)

Current incomee

0.016 (-0.027, 0.059)

-0.018 (-0.035, 0.000)*

1.81 (0.32, 3.31)*

0.283 (0.101, 0.465)**

1.18 (0.97, 1.44)

R 2

70.0%

29.0%

20.2%

17.6%

25.1%

F-Test vs. Model 1

p < 0.0001

p < 0.0001

p < 0.0001

p < 0.0001

p = 0.0128

F-Test omit Early Life variables

p < 0.0001

p = 0.6751

p = 0.0941

p = 0.9207

p = 0.2018

  1. a Model 0 includes age (coefficient calculated as per 5 years) and sex (Male vs. Female);
  2. b Model 1 examined the influence of the early life variables identified as most strongly linked to inflammation and tested their independence;
  3. c Model 2 includes not only early life variables but also intermediary phenotype biomarkers (ICAM and IL-6);
  4. d Model 3 includes early life variables and adult markers of socioeconomic status e.g. years of education, current income and current home status (owner occupier/tenant);
  5. e Regression coefficient calculated as per £10,000 increase in income;
  6. f Effect estimates for plaque presence reported as odds ratios; R2 values are Nagelkerke pseudo-R2; between model comparisons are likelihood ratio tests;
  7. * 0.01 ≥ p < 0.05; ** 0.001 ≥ p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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