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Table 4 Multivariate analyses of early life determinants of chronic inflammation and endothelial activation

From: Early life socioeconomic adversity is associated in adult life with chronic inflammation, carotid atherosclerosis, poorer lung function and decreased cognitive performance: a cross-sectional, population-based study

 

log(CRP) β (95% CI)

vWF β (95% CI)

log(IL-6) β (95% CI)

log(ICAM) β (95% CI)

Model 0 a

Age

0.118 (0.056, 0.180)***

7.874 (5.405, 10.344)***

0.103 (0.066, 0.139)***

0.017 (0.002, 0.032)*

Sex

0.150 (-0.054, 0.355)

-0.964 (-9.060, 7.133)

0.020 (-0.101, 0.142)

0.008 (-0.042, 0.058)

R 2

3.5%

8.2%

6.3%

1.1%

Model 1 b

Age

0.090 (0.026, 0.154)**

6.694 (4.090, 9.298)***

0.081 (0.043, 0.118)***

0.007 (-0.008, 0.022)

Sex

-0.094 (-0.390, 0.202)

-5.890 (-17.802, 6.021)

-0.187 (-0.360, -0.014)*

-0.063 (-0.133, 0.007)

Parental home status

0.039 (-0.220, 0.298)

9.285 (-1.018, 19.588)

0.159 (0.007, 0.311)*

0.063 (0.001, 0.124)*

Fathers occupation cat.

0.357 (0.118, 0.595)**

7.024 (-2.465, 16.513)

0.181 (0.041, 0.321)*

0.065 (0.008, 0.121)*

People/room

0.109 (-0.041, 0.259)

3.500 (-2.593, 9.593)

0.029 (-0.060, 0.117)

0.042 (0.006, 0.077)*

Number of siblings

-0.026 (-0.098, 0.046)

-0.356 (-3.265, 2.553)

-0.012 (-0.054, 0.030)

0.008 (-0.009, 0.026)

Leg length

-0.019 (-0.041, 0.003)

0.059 (-0.819, 0.936)

-0.013 (-0.026, 0.000)

-0.005 (-0.010, 0.001)

Trunk length

-0.015 (-0.041, 0.012)

-0.680 (-1.746, 0.386)

-0.016 (-0.031, -0.001)*

-0.005 (-0.011, 0.002)

R 2

9.6%

12.1%

14.5%

12.9%

F-Test vs. Model 0

p = 0.0001

p = 0.0040

p < 0.0001

p < 0.0001

Model 2 c

Age

0.017 (-0.035, 0.069)

5.730 (3.157, 8.304)***

  

Sex

0.113 (-0.125, 0.350)

-2.014 (-13.639, 9.610)

  

Parental home status

-0.153 (-0.361, 0.055)

6.127 (-3.919, 16.174)

  

Fathers occupation cat.

0.153 (-0.039, 0.345)

3.676 (-5.598, 12.950)

  

People/room

0.069 (-0.052, 0.190)

1.950 (-3.997, 7.898)

  

Number of siblings

-0.017 (-0.075, 0.041)

-0.449 (-3.273, 2.375)

  

Leg length

-0.006 (-0.024, 0.012)

0.295 (-0.560, 1.149)

  

Trunk length

0.003 (-0.019, 0.024)

-0.372 (-1.410, 0.667)

  

ICAM

0.476 (0.136, 0.817)**

29.381 (12.536, 46.227)***

  

IL-6

0.950 (0.809, 1.090)***

9.051 (2.296, 15.806)**

  

R 2

42.7%

17.9%

  

F-Test vs. Model 1

p < 0.0001

p < 0.0001

  

F-Test omitting Early Life variables

p = 0.50

p = 0.42

  

Model 3 d

Age

0.081 (0.016, 0.146)*

5.626 (3.028, 8.224)***

0.078 (0.040, 0.116)***

0.007 (-0.006, 0.020)

Sex

-0.011 (-0.306, 0.283)

-3.714 (-15.416, 7.988)

-0.115 (-0.286, 0.056)

-0.005 (-0.066, 0.056)

Parental home status

-0.101 (-0.359, 0.158)

3.579 (-6.584, 13.741)

0.091 (-0.059, 0.242)

0.014 (-0.040, 0.067)

Fathers occupation cat.

0.261 (0.023, 0.499)*

2.130 (-7.225, 11.486)

0.137 (-0.002, 0.276)

0.012 (-0.037, 0.061)

People/room

0.049 (-0.099, 0.197)

1.004 (-4.945, 6.952)

0.002 (-0.085, 0.089)

0.021 (-0.010, 0.051)

Number of siblings

-0.048 (-0.120, 0.023)

-1.182 (-4.014, 1.650)

-0.029 (-0.070, 0.013)

-0.002 (-0.017, 0.013)

Leg length

-0.015 (-0.037, 0.006)

0.225 (-0.623, 1.073)

-0.010 (-0.023, 0.002)

-0.002 (-0.006, 0.002)

Trunk length

0.003 (-0.023, 0.030)

0.209 (-0.862, 1.279)

-0.004 (-0.020, 0.011)

0.005 (-0.001, 0.010)

Current smoker

-0.047 (-0.318, 0.225)

5.318 (-5.522, 16.158)

0.128 (-0.030, 0.287)

0.228 (0.173, 0.283)***

Years of Education

-0.024 (-0.057, 0.009)

-0.950 (-2.192, 0.292)

0.009 (-0.010, 0.027)

-0.005 (-0.011, 0.002)

Current home status

0.340 (0.038, 0.642)*

-2.372 (-14.249, 9.506)

0.171 (-0.004, 0.347)

0.041 (-0.020, 0.103)

Current incomee

-0.080 (-0.174, 0.013)

-7.379 (-11.045, -3.712)***

-0.068 (-0.123, -0.014)*

-0.041 (-0.060, -0.022)***

R 2

14.8%

19.1%

20.2%

37.8%

F-Test vs. Model 1

p < 0.0001

p < 0.0001

p < 0.0001

p < 0.0001

F-Test omitting Early Life variables

p = 0.1984

p = 0.9038

p = 0.0452

p = 0.2817

  1. a Model 0 includes age (coefficient calculated as per 5 years) and sex (Male vs. Female);
  2. b Model 1 examined the influence of the early life variables identified as most strongly linked to inflammation and tested their independence;
  3. c Model 2 includes not only early life variables but also intermediary phenotype biomarkers (ICAM and IL-6);
  4. d Model 3 includes early life variables and adult markers of socioeconomic status e.g. years of education, current income and current home status (owner occupier/tenant);
  5. e Regression coefficient calculated as per £10,000 increase in income;
  6. * 0.01 ≥ p < 0.05; ** 0.001 ≥ p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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